Competition between In-Plane vs Above-Plane Configurations of Water with Aromatic Molecules: Non-Covalent Interactions in 1,4-Naphthoquinone-(H(2)O)(1–3) Complexes

[Image: see text] Non-covalent interactions between aromatic molecules and water are fundamental in many chemical and biological processes, and their accurate description is essential to understand molecular relative configurations. Here we present the rotational spectroscopy study of the water complexes of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon 1,4-naphthoquinone (1,4-NQ). In 1,4-NQ-(H(2)O)(1,2), water molecules bind through O–H···O and C–H···O hydrogen bonds and are located on the plane of 1,4-NQ. For 1,4-NQ-(H(2)O)(3), in-plane and above-plane water configurations are observed exhibiting O–H···O, C–H···O, and lone pair···π-hole interactions. The observation of different water arrangements for 1,4-NQ-(H(2)O)(3) allows benchmarking theoretical methods and shows that they have great difficulty in predicting energy orderings due to the strong competition of C–H···O binding with π and π-hole interactions. This study provides important insight into water interactions with aromatic systems and the challenges in their modeling.