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High predation risk decimates survival during the reproduction season

1. Predators attack conspicuous prey phenotypes that are present in the environment. Male display behavior of conspicuous nuptial coloration becomes risky in the presence of a predator, and adult males face higher predation risk. High predation risk in one sex will lead to low survival and sex ratio...

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Autores principales: Smolinský, Radovan, Hiadlovská, Zuzana, Maršala, Štěpán, Škrabánek, Pavel, Škrobánek, Michal, Martínková, Natália
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: John Wiley and Sons Inc. 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9576000/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36262266
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.9407
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author Smolinský, Radovan
Hiadlovská, Zuzana
Maršala, Štěpán
Škrabánek, Pavel
Škrobánek, Michal
Martínková, Natália
author_facet Smolinský, Radovan
Hiadlovská, Zuzana
Maršala, Štěpán
Škrabánek, Pavel
Škrobánek, Michal
Martínková, Natália
author_sort Smolinský, Radovan
collection PubMed
description 1. Predators attack conspicuous prey phenotypes that are present in the environment. Male display behavior of conspicuous nuptial coloration becomes risky in the presence of a predator, and adult males face higher predation risk. High predation risk in one sex will lead to low survival and sex ratio bias in adult cohorts, unless the increased predation risk is compensated by higher escape rate. 2. Here, we tested the hypothesis that sand lizards (Lacerta agilis) have sex‐specific predation risk and escape rate. We expected the differences to manifest in changes in sex ratio with age, differences in frequency of tail autotomy, and in sex‐specific survival rate. 3. We developed a statistical model to estimate predation risk and escape rate, combining the observed sex ratio and frequency of tail autotomy with likelihood‐based survival rate. Using Bayesian framework, we estimated the model parameters. We projected the date of the tail autotomy events from growth rates derived from capture–recapture data measurements. 4. We found statistically stable sex ratio in age groups, equal frequency of tail regenerates between sexes, and similar survival rate. Predation risk is similar between sexes, and escape rate increases survival by about 5%. We found low survival rate and a low number of tail autotomy events in females during months when sand lizards mate and lay eggs, indicating high predator pressure throughout reproduction. Our data show that gravid females fail to escape predation. 5. The risks of reproduction season in an ectotherm are a convolution of morphological changes (conspicuous coloration in males and body allometry changes in gravid females), behavior (nuptial displays), and environmental conditions which challenge lizard thermal performance. Performance of endotherm predators in cold spring months endangers gravid females more than displaying males in bright nuptial coloration.
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spelling pubmed-95760002022-10-18 High predation risk decimates survival during the reproduction season Smolinský, Radovan Hiadlovská, Zuzana Maršala, Štěpán Škrabánek, Pavel Škrobánek, Michal Martínková, Natália Ecol Evol Research Articles 1. Predators attack conspicuous prey phenotypes that are present in the environment. Male display behavior of conspicuous nuptial coloration becomes risky in the presence of a predator, and adult males face higher predation risk. High predation risk in one sex will lead to low survival and sex ratio bias in adult cohorts, unless the increased predation risk is compensated by higher escape rate. 2. Here, we tested the hypothesis that sand lizards (Lacerta agilis) have sex‐specific predation risk and escape rate. We expected the differences to manifest in changes in sex ratio with age, differences in frequency of tail autotomy, and in sex‐specific survival rate. 3. We developed a statistical model to estimate predation risk and escape rate, combining the observed sex ratio and frequency of tail autotomy with likelihood‐based survival rate. Using Bayesian framework, we estimated the model parameters. We projected the date of the tail autotomy events from growth rates derived from capture–recapture data measurements. 4. We found statistically stable sex ratio in age groups, equal frequency of tail regenerates between sexes, and similar survival rate. Predation risk is similar between sexes, and escape rate increases survival by about 5%. We found low survival rate and a low number of tail autotomy events in females during months when sand lizards mate and lay eggs, indicating high predator pressure throughout reproduction. Our data show that gravid females fail to escape predation. 5. The risks of reproduction season in an ectotherm are a convolution of morphological changes (conspicuous coloration in males and body allometry changes in gravid females), behavior (nuptial displays), and environmental conditions which challenge lizard thermal performance. Performance of endotherm predators in cold spring months endangers gravid females more than displaying males in bright nuptial coloration. John Wiley and Sons Inc. 2022-10-17 /pmc/articles/PMC9576000/ /pubmed/36262266 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.9407 Text en © 2022 Institute of Vertebrate Biology CAS. Ecology and Evolution published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
spellingShingle Research Articles
Smolinský, Radovan
Hiadlovská, Zuzana
Maršala, Štěpán
Škrabánek, Pavel
Škrobánek, Michal
Martínková, Natália
High predation risk decimates survival during the reproduction season
title High predation risk decimates survival during the reproduction season
title_full High predation risk decimates survival during the reproduction season
title_fullStr High predation risk decimates survival during the reproduction season
title_full_unstemmed High predation risk decimates survival during the reproduction season
title_short High predation risk decimates survival during the reproduction season
title_sort high predation risk decimates survival during the reproduction season
topic Research Articles
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9576000/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36262266
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ece3.9407
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