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Sex-specific behavioral outcomes of early-life adversity and emerging microglia-dependent mechanisms
Early-life adversity (ELA) is known to alter brain circuit maturation as well as increase vulnerability to cognitive and emotional disorders. However, the importance of examining sex as a biological variable when researching the effects of ELA has not been considered until recently. This perspective...
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2022
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9577368/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36268470 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2022.1013865 |
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author | Garvin, Madison M. Bolton, Jessica L. |
author_facet | Garvin, Madison M. Bolton, Jessica L. |
author_sort | Garvin, Madison M. |
collection | PubMed |
description | Early-life adversity (ELA) is known to alter brain circuit maturation as well as increase vulnerability to cognitive and emotional disorders. However, the importance of examining sex as a biological variable when researching the effects of ELA has not been considered until recently. This perspective discusses the sex-specific behavioral outcomes of ELA in both humans and animal models, then proposes microglia-mediated mechanisms as a potential underlying cause. Recent work in rodent models suggests that ELA provokes cognitive deficits, anhedonia, and alcohol abuse primarily in males, whereas females exhibit greater risk-taking and opioid addiction-related behaviors. In addition, emerging evidence identifies microglia as a key target of ELA. For example, we have recently shown that ELA inhibits microglial synapse engulfment and process dynamics in male mice, leading to an increase in excitatory synapse number onto corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH)-expressing neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) and aberrant stress responses later in life. However, ELA-induced synaptic rewiring of neural circuits differs in females during development, resulting in divergent behavioral outcomes. Thus, examining the role of microglia in the sex-specific mechanisms underlying ELA-induced neuropsychiatric disorders is an important topic for future research. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9577368 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-95773682022-10-19 Sex-specific behavioral outcomes of early-life adversity and emerging microglia-dependent mechanisms Garvin, Madison M. Bolton, Jessica L. Front Behav Neurosci Behavioral Neuroscience Early-life adversity (ELA) is known to alter brain circuit maturation as well as increase vulnerability to cognitive and emotional disorders. However, the importance of examining sex as a biological variable when researching the effects of ELA has not been considered until recently. This perspective discusses the sex-specific behavioral outcomes of ELA in both humans and animal models, then proposes microglia-mediated mechanisms as a potential underlying cause. Recent work in rodent models suggests that ELA provokes cognitive deficits, anhedonia, and alcohol abuse primarily in males, whereas females exhibit greater risk-taking and opioid addiction-related behaviors. In addition, emerging evidence identifies microglia as a key target of ELA. For example, we have recently shown that ELA inhibits microglial synapse engulfment and process dynamics in male mice, leading to an increase in excitatory synapse number onto corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH)-expressing neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) and aberrant stress responses later in life. However, ELA-induced synaptic rewiring of neural circuits differs in females during development, resulting in divergent behavioral outcomes. Thus, examining the role of microglia in the sex-specific mechanisms underlying ELA-induced neuropsychiatric disorders is an important topic for future research. Frontiers Media S.A. 2022-10-04 /pmc/articles/PMC9577368/ /pubmed/36268470 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2022.1013865 Text en Copyright © 2022 Garvin and Bolton. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Behavioral Neuroscience Garvin, Madison M. Bolton, Jessica L. Sex-specific behavioral outcomes of early-life adversity and emerging microglia-dependent mechanisms |
title | Sex-specific behavioral outcomes of early-life adversity and emerging microglia-dependent mechanisms |
title_full | Sex-specific behavioral outcomes of early-life adversity and emerging microglia-dependent mechanisms |
title_fullStr | Sex-specific behavioral outcomes of early-life adversity and emerging microglia-dependent mechanisms |
title_full_unstemmed | Sex-specific behavioral outcomes of early-life adversity and emerging microglia-dependent mechanisms |
title_short | Sex-specific behavioral outcomes of early-life adversity and emerging microglia-dependent mechanisms |
title_sort | sex-specific behavioral outcomes of early-life adversity and emerging microglia-dependent mechanisms |
topic | Behavioral Neuroscience |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9577368/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36268470 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2022.1013865 |
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