Cochlear Neurotrophin‐3 overexpression at mid‐life prevents age‐related inner hair cell synaptopathy and slows age‐related hearing loss

Age‐related hearing loss (ARHL) is the most prevalent sensory deficit in the elderly. This progressive pathology often has psychological and medical comorbidities, including social isolation, depression, and cognitive decline. Despite ARHL's enormous societal and economic impact, no therapies to prevent or slow its progression exist. Loss of synapses between inner hair cells (IHCs) and spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs), a.k.a. IHC synaptopathy, is an early event in cochlear aging, preceding neuronal and hair cell loss. To determine if age‐related IHC synaptopathy can be prevented, and if this impacts the time‐course of ARHL, we tested the effects of cochlear overexpression of neurotrophin‐3 (Ntf3) starting at middle age. We chose Ntf3 because this neurotrophin regulates the formation of IHC‐SGN synapses in the neonatal period. We now show that triggering Ntf3 overexpression by IHC supporting cells starting in middle age rapidly increases the amplitude of sound‐evoked neural potentials compared with age‐matched controls, indicating that Ntf3 produces a positive effect on cochlear function when the pathology is minimal. Furthermore, near the end of their lifespan, Ntf3‐overexpressing mice have milder ARHL, with larger sound‐evoked potentials along the ascending auditory pathway and reduced IHC synaptopathy compared with age‐matched controls. Our results also provide evidence that an age‐related decrease in cochlear Ntf3 expression contributes to ARHL and that Ntf3 supplementation could serve as a therapeutic for this prevalent disorder. Furthermore, these findings suggest that factors that regulate synaptogenesis during development could prevent age‐related synaptopathy in the brain, a process involved in several central nervous system degenerative disorders.