Multi-isotope variation reveals social complexity in Viking Age Norway

Multi-isotope studies from human remains from Viking Age graves throughout Norway allow for a deeper understanding of mobility, livelihood, and social organization during the Viking Age (750–1050 CE). Based on a framework of radiocarbon dates ((14)C), the studied inhumation graves are distributed across a broad chronological and geographical scope, covering the Late Iron and Viking Age (c. 500–1050 CE). Results of multi-isotope analyses (δ(18)O/δ(13)C/δ(15)N) in tandem with a cultural historical approach question the hegemonic masculinity associated with the “violent Vikings” and the apparent preconception of stationary women and mobile males in Viking Age Norway, thus challenging conjectural behavioral distinctions between women, men, and children. The analysis points towards diversity following a north-south gradient in terms of dietary preferences (δ(13)C/δ(15)N), which demonstrates a higher degree of marine consumption in northern Norway, as opposed to the southern regions; similar patterns are also observed through the mobility study (δ(18)O), which uncovers high levels of migration in the study population.