Meloidogyne Haplanaria: An Emerging Threat to Tomato Production in Florida

The Mi-gene is widely used in different tomato cultivars to resist several Meloidogyne spp. (root-kot nematode; RKN), including M. incognita, M. javanica, and M. arenaria. Tomato cultivars with the Mi-gene are widely used in fields. However, factors such as temperatures, high initial population densities, and gene dosage can interfere with the expression of this gene. In addition, the presence of virulent species of RKN can limit the usefulness of the gene. One of the virulent species is M. haplanaria, which was identified infecting RKN-resistant tomato in Florida in 2015. The objectives of this study were to determine the initial damage threshold of M. haplanaria on tomato under greenhouse conditions and to analyze the impact of temperature and genetic background on virulence in tomato cultivars. The results showed a preliminary damage threshold of three eggs and J2/cm(3) of soil. In addition, it was observed that M. haplanaria has a shorter life cycle than the virulent M. enterolobii and can infect, reproduce, and damage homozygous or heterozygous RKN-resistant tomato plants. This research demonstrated that M. haplanaria should be considered highly virulent on RKN-resistant tomato and is an important threat to agriculture in Florida.