Non-COVID-19 respiratory viral infection

Implemented control measures brought about by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic have changed the prevalence of other respiratory viruses, often relegating them to a secondary plan. However, it must not be forgotten that a diverse group of viruses, including other human coronaviruses, rhinoviruses, respiratory syncytial virus, human metapneumoviruses, parainfluenza and influenza, continue to be responsible for a large burden of disease. In fact, they are among the most common causes of acute upper and lower respiratory tract infections globally. Viral respiratory infections can be categorised in several ways, including by clinical syndrome or aetiological agent. We describe their clinical spectrum. Distinctive imaging features, advances in microbiological diagnosis and treatment of severe forms are also discussed. EDUCATIONAL AIMS: To summarise the knowledge on the spectrum of disease that respiratory viral infections can cause and recognise how often they overlap. To learn the most common causes of respiratory viral infections and acknowledge other less frequent agents that may target certain key populations (e.g. immunocompromised patients). To improve awareness of the recent advances in diagnostic methods, including molecular assays and helpful features in imaging techniques. To identify supportive care strategies pivotal in the management of severe respiratory viral infections.