COVID-19 Severity, Cardiological Outcome, and Immunogenicity of mRNA Vaccine on Adult Patients With 22q11.2 DS

BACKGROUND: The contemporaneous presence of immune defects and heart diseases in patients with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.3DS) might represent risk factors for severe coronavirus 2019 disease (COVID-19). OBJECTIVE: To analyze severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outcome in 22q11.2DS patients and immunogenicity of different doses of mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. METHODS: Longitudinal observational study on SARS-CoV-2 outcome in 60 adults with 22q11.2DS (March 2020–June 2022). Anti-Spike, and anti–receptor binding domain (RBD) antibody responses, generation of Spike-specific memory B cells (MBCs) and Spike-specific T cells at different time points before and after the mRNA BNT162b2 vaccination were evaluated in 16 22q11.2DS patients. RESULTS: We recorded a 95% rate of vaccination, with almost all patients being immunized with the booster dose. Twenty-one patients had SARS-CoV-2 infection. Three patients were infected before vaccine availability, 6 after receiving 2 doses of vaccine, and 12 after one booster dose. The SARS-CoV-2- infection had a mild course, except in one unvaccinated patient with several comorbidities who died from acute respiratory distress syndrome (fatality rate 5%). Infected patients had more frequently moderate/severe intellectual disability, lymphopenia, and lower CD4+ count. Despite major congenital heart diseases, COVID-19 did not impact cardiological conditions. The BNT162b2 vaccine induced S1–immunoglobulin G (IgG) responses, low serum S1-IgA, and slightly impaired specific MBCs response. Specific T-cell responses observed were related to lymphocytes and CD4+ T cell counts. CONCLUSIONS: The SARS-CoV-2 infection had a mild course in most patients with 22q11.2DS, even in patients with major cardiovascular diseases. Immunization induced Spike-specific IgG responses and generated specific MBCs and memory T cells. The weaker memory responses in patients with lymphopenia suggested the need for additional doses.