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Bullet impacts in building stone excavate approximately conical craters, with dimensions that are controlled by target material

Bullet impacts are a ubiquitous form of damage to the built environment resulting from armed conflicts. Bullet impacts into stone buildings result in surficial cratering, fracturing, and changes to material properties, such as permeability and surface hardness. Controlled experiments into two differ...

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Autores principales: Campbell, Oliver, Blenkinsop, Tom, Gilbert, Oscar, Mol, Lisa
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Nature Publishing Group UK 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9587296/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36271022
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-22624-z
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author Campbell, Oliver
Blenkinsop, Tom
Gilbert, Oscar
Mol, Lisa
author_facet Campbell, Oliver
Blenkinsop, Tom
Gilbert, Oscar
Mol, Lisa
author_sort Campbell, Oliver
collection PubMed
description Bullet impacts are a ubiquitous form of damage to the built environment resulting from armed conflicts. Bullet impacts into stone buildings result in surficial cratering, fracturing, and changes to material properties, such as permeability and surface hardness. Controlled experiments into two different sedimentary stones were conducted to characterise surface damage and to investigate the relationship between the impact energy (a function of engagement distance) and crater volumes. Simplified geometries of crater volume using only depth and diameter measurements showed that the volume of a simple cone provides the best approximation (within 5%) to crater volume measured from photogrammetry models. This result suggests a quick and efficient method of estimating crater volumes during field assessments of damage. Impact energy has little consistent effect on crater volume over the engagement distances studied (100–400 m), but different target materials result in an order of magnitude variation in measured crater volumes. Bullet impacts in the experiments are similar in appearance to damage caused by hypervelocity experiments, but crater excavation is driven by momentum transfer to the target rather than a hemispherical shock wave. Therefore in contrast to predictions of impact scaling relationships for hypervelocity experiments, target material plays the dominant role in controlling damage, not projectile energy.
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spelling pubmed-95872962022-10-23 Bullet impacts in building stone excavate approximately conical craters, with dimensions that are controlled by target material Campbell, Oliver Blenkinsop, Tom Gilbert, Oscar Mol, Lisa Sci Rep Article Bullet impacts are a ubiquitous form of damage to the built environment resulting from armed conflicts. Bullet impacts into stone buildings result in surficial cratering, fracturing, and changes to material properties, such as permeability and surface hardness. Controlled experiments into two different sedimentary stones were conducted to characterise surface damage and to investigate the relationship between the impact energy (a function of engagement distance) and crater volumes. Simplified geometries of crater volume using only depth and diameter measurements showed that the volume of a simple cone provides the best approximation (within 5%) to crater volume measured from photogrammetry models. This result suggests a quick and efficient method of estimating crater volumes during field assessments of damage. Impact energy has little consistent effect on crater volume over the engagement distances studied (100–400 m), but different target materials result in an order of magnitude variation in measured crater volumes. Bullet impacts in the experiments are similar in appearance to damage caused by hypervelocity experiments, but crater excavation is driven by momentum transfer to the target rather than a hemispherical shock wave. Therefore in contrast to predictions of impact scaling relationships for hypervelocity experiments, target material plays the dominant role in controlling damage, not projectile energy. Nature Publishing Group UK 2022-10-21 /pmc/articles/PMC9587296/ /pubmed/36271022 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-22624-z Text en © The Author(s) 2022 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) .
spellingShingle Article
Campbell, Oliver
Blenkinsop, Tom
Gilbert, Oscar
Mol, Lisa
Bullet impacts in building stone excavate approximately conical craters, with dimensions that are controlled by target material
title Bullet impacts in building stone excavate approximately conical craters, with dimensions that are controlled by target material
title_full Bullet impacts in building stone excavate approximately conical craters, with dimensions that are controlled by target material
title_fullStr Bullet impacts in building stone excavate approximately conical craters, with dimensions that are controlled by target material
title_full_unstemmed Bullet impacts in building stone excavate approximately conical craters, with dimensions that are controlled by target material
title_short Bullet impacts in building stone excavate approximately conical craters, with dimensions that are controlled by target material
title_sort bullet impacts in building stone excavate approximately conical craters, with dimensions that are controlled by target material
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9587296/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36271022
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-22624-z
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