The Relationship of Serum Leptin and Ghrelin Levels with Craving and Withdrawal in Opioid Use Disorder

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to investigate plasma levels of leptin, acyl ghrelin, and unacylated ghrelin during heroin withdrawal in patients with opioid use disorder (OUD) with regard to the relationship of these levels with craving and their changes over time. METHODS: This study included 28 male patients diagnosed with OUD according to DSM-5 diagnostic criteria who received inpatient rehabilitation. The control group included 28 healthy male volunteers with characteristics similar to the patient group. Plasma leptin, acyl ghrelin, and unacylated ghrelin levels of the patients were measured 3 times throughout the study by collecting blood on the first day, the seventh day at the end of the detox, and the twenty-first day. Blood was collected only once from the control group to determine their plasma leptin, acyl ghrelin, and unacylated ghrelin levels. RESULTS: Our study did not determine any statistically significant differences between patients with OUD and healthy controls with regard to plasma leptin, acyl ghrelin, and unacylated ghrelin levels on the first, seventh, and twenty-first days of withdrawal. Plasma levels of leptin, acyl ghrelin, and unacylated ghrelin did not significantly correlate with craving scores. CONCLUSION: This study does not support the hypothesis that plasma leptin, acyl ghrelin, and unacylated ghrelin levels are markers in those with OUD. Further research, particularly in humans, is recommended to replicate and expand on the findings of the current literature.