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A Validated Liquid–Liquid Extraction Method for the Quantitative Analysis of Ethanol in the Different Types of Home-Brewed Alcoholic Beverages of Botswana Using Gas Chromatography Flame Ionization Detector

PURPOSE: Home-made alcohol-related deaths are a significant public health issue which is often overlooked. To date, approximately 30 people have died following the consumption of home brewed alcoholic beverages in Botswana. The process of brewing such alcoholic beverages remains unmonitored and make...

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Autores principales: Tsenang, Mmaabo, Pheko, Tshepo, Mokgadi, Janes, Phokedi, Gothatamang Norma
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Springer International Publishing 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9593979/
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42250-022-00520-3
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author Tsenang, Mmaabo
Pheko, Tshepo
Mokgadi, Janes
Phokedi, Gothatamang Norma
author_facet Tsenang, Mmaabo
Pheko, Tshepo
Mokgadi, Janes
Phokedi, Gothatamang Norma
author_sort Tsenang, Mmaabo
collection PubMed
description PURPOSE: Home-made alcohol-related deaths are a significant public health issue which is often overlooked. To date, approximately 30 people have died following the consumption of home brewed alcoholic beverages in Botswana. The process of brewing such alcoholic beverages remains unmonitored and makes it difficult to pinpoint the cause of these deaths. Ethanol content in these beverages is thought to be high and therefore contributing towards the deaths. The aim of this research was to develop and validate a method for the quantification of ethanol in the different types of home-brewed alcoholic drinks of Botswana. METHODS: Twenty-six different samples of home-brewed alcoholic drinks were collected from local brewers in different districts of Botswana. A Liquid–Liquid Extraction-Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detector method was optimized for extraction of ethanol using ethyl acetate and validated for accuracy, precision, repeatability, selectivity, linearity, limit of detection, limit of quantification, stability. Following this, the method used to measure the concentration of ethanol in the different home brewed beverages. RESULTS: The method demonstrated linearity in the concentration range of 2.5–60% v/v with correlation coefficient (R(2)) of 0.996 and, was found to be precise with %RSD values ≤ 5%. Repeatability was acceptable with %RSD values ≤ 5%. Percentage recoveries were within 100%. No interference was observed from likely excipients commonly found in home brewed alcoholic beverages, demonstrating good selectivity. Limits of detection and quantification were found to be 0.37% v/v and 1.12% v/v respectively. The analysed samples were discovered to contain ethanol with concentrations ranging from 2.56 to 36% v/v. CONCLUSION: A method for the quantification of ethanol in home-made alcoholic beverages of Botswana was developed and validated. It is simple, cheap, rapid and does not require sophisticated instruments.
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spelling pubmed-95939792022-10-25 A Validated Liquid–Liquid Extraction Method for the Quantitative Analysis of Ethanol in the Different Types of Home-Brewed Alcoholic Beverages of Botswana Using Gas Chromatography Flame Ionization Detector Tsenang, Mmaabo Pheko, Tshepo Mokgadi, Janes Phokedi, Gothatamang Norma Chemistry Africa Original Article PURPOSE: Home-made alcohol-related deaths are a significant public health issue which is often overlooked. To date, approximately 30 people have died following the consumption of home brewed alcoholic beverages in Botswana. The process of brewing such alcoholic beverages remains unmonitored and makes it difficult to pinpoint the cause of these deaths. Ethanol content in these beverages is thought to be high and therefore contributing towards the deaths. The aim of this research was to develop and validate a method for the quantification of ethanol in the different types of home-brewed alcoholic drinks of Botswana. METHODS: Twenty-six different samples of home-brewed alcoholic drinks were collected from local brewers in different districts of Botswana. A Liquid–Liquid Extraction-Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detector method was optimized for extraction of ethanol using ethyl acetate and validated for accuracy, precision, repeatability, selectivity, linearity, limit of detection, limit of quantification, stability. Following this, the method used to measure the concentration of ethanol in the different home brewed beverages. RESULTS: The method demonstrated linearity in the concentration range of 2.5–60% v/v with correlation coefficient (R(2)) of 0.996 and, was found to be precise with %RSD values ≤ 5%. Repeatability was acceptable with %RSD values ≤ 5%. Percentage recoveries were within 100%. No interference was observed from likely excipients commonly found in home brewed alcoholic beverages, demonstrating good selectivity. Limits of detection and quantification were found to be 0.37% v/v and 1.12% v/v respectively. The analysed samples were discovered to contain ethanol with concentrations ranging from 2.56 to 36% v/v. CONCLUSION: A method for the quantification of ethanol in home-made alcoholic beverages of Botswana was developed and validated. It is simple, cheap, rapid and does not require sophisticated instruments. Springer International Publishing 2022-10-25 2023 /pmc/articles/PMC9593979/ http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42250-022-00520-3 Text en © The Tunisian Chemical Society and Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022, Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law. This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.
spellingShingle Original Article
Tsenang, Mmaabo
Pheko, Tshepo
Mokgadi, Janes
Phokedi, Gothatamang Norma
A Validated Liquid–Liquid Extraction Method for the Quantitative Analysis of Ethanol in the Different Types of Home-Brewed Alcoholic Beverages of Botswana Using Gas Chromatography Flame Ionization Detector
title A Validated Liquid–Liquid Extraction Method for the Quantitative Analysis of Ethanol in the Different Types of Home-Brewed Alcoholic Beverages of Botswana Using Gas Chromatography Flame Ionization Detector
title_full A Validated Liquid–Liquid Extraction Method for the Quantitative Analysis of Ethanol in the Different Types of Home-Brewed Alcoholic Beverages of Botswana Using Gas Chromatography Flame Ionization Detector
title_fullStr A Validated Liquid–Liquid Extraction Method for the Quantitative Analysis of Ethanol in the Different Types of Home-Brewed Alcoholic Beverages of Botswana Using Gas Chromatography Flame Ionization Detector
title_full_unstemmed A Validated Liquid–Liquid Extraction Method for the Quantitative Analysis of Ethanol in the Different Types of Home-Brewed Alcoholic Beverages of Botswana Using Gas Chromatography Flame Ionization Detector
title_short A Validated Liquid–Liquid Extraction Method for the Quantitative Analysis of Ethanol in the Different Types of Home-Brewed Alcoholic Beverages of Botswana Using Gas Chromatography Flame Ionization Detector
title_sort validated liquid–liquid extraction method for the quantitative analysis of ethanol in the different types of home-brewed alcoholic beverages of botswana using gas chromatography flame ionization detector
topic Original Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9593979/
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42250-022-00520-3
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