Invasive Urban Mammalian Predators: Distribution and Multi-Scale Habitat Selection

SIMPLE SUMMARY: Restoration of biodiversity in urban green spaces frequently requires eradication or management of invasive species. We aimed to identify fine- and landscape-scale habitat features associated with the presence of five invasive urban mammals (Rattus species, European hedgehogs, mice, and brushtail possums) in three urban green space types (forest fragment, amenity park, residential garden) across three New Zealand cities, and across two seasons, to identify where management effort should be focused. All species were detected in all greenspace types; however, rodents were detected least in residential gardens, possums were detected most often in forest fragments, and hedgehogs least in forest fragments. Proximity of amenity parks to forest patches was positively associated with possum and hedgehog presence and negatively with rats. Conversely, proximity of residential gardens to forest patches was positively associated with rat presence. Management of rats should focus on sites with shrub and lower canopy cover and of mice on sites with herb layer cover, while micro-habitat features were not important for hedgehogs and possums. Rats were most likely to be found in residential gardens with compost heaps. The wide distributions of these species suggest that in order to be successful, ecological restoration must be coordinated, target all green space types, and engage urban residents. ABSTRACT: A barrier to successful ecological restoration of urban green spaces in many cities is invasive mammalian predators. We determined the fine- and landscape-scale habitat characteristics associated with the presence of five urban predators (black and brown rats, European hedgehogs, house mice, and brushtail possums) in three New Zealand cities, in spring and autumn, in three green space types: forest fragments, amenity parks, and residential gardens. Season contributed to variations in detections for all five taxa. Rodents were detected least in residential gardens; mice were detected more often in amenity parks. Hedgehogs were detected least in forest fragments. Possums were detected most often in forest fragments and least often in residential gardens. Some of this variation was explained by our models. Proximity of amenity parks to forest patches was strongly associated with presence of possums (positively), hedgehogs (positively), and rats (negatively). Conversely, proximity of residential gardens to forest patches was positively associated with rat presence. Rats were associated with shrub and lower canopy cover and mice with herb layer cover. In residential gardens, rat detection was associated with compost heaps. Successful restoration of biodiversity in these cities needs extensive, coordinated predator control programmes that engage urban residents.