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A Review of Psychological Stress among Students and Its Assessment Using Salivary Biomarkers

Numerous psychoneuroimmune factors participate in complex bodily reactions to psychological stress, and some of them can be easily and non-invasively measured in saliva (cortisol, alpha-amylase, proinflammatory cytokines). Cortisol plays a crucial role in the stress response; thus, stressful events...

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Autores principales: Špiljak, Bruno, Vilibić, Maja, Glavina, Ana, Crnković, Marija, Šešerko, Ana, Lugović-Mihić, Liborija
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9598334/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36285968
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bs12100400
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author Špiljak, Bruno
Vilibić, Maja
Glavina, Ana
Crnković, Marija
Šešerko, Ana
Lugović-Mihić, Liborija
author_facet Špiljak, Bruno
Vilibić, Maja
Glavina, Ana
Crnković, Marija
Šešerko, Ana
Lugović-Mihić, Liborija
author_sort Špiljak, Bruno
collection PubMed
description Numerous psychoneuroimmune factors participate in complex bodily reactions to psychological stress, and some of them can be easily and non-invasively measured in saliva (cortisol, alpha-amylase, proinflammatory cytokines). Cortisol plays a crucial role in the stress response; thus, stressful events (academic examinations, cardiac surgery, dental procedures) are accompanied by an increase in cortisol levels. (A correlation between cortisol blood levels and salivary values has already been confirmed, particularly during stress). Academic stress is defined as everyday stress among students that has an impact on aspects of their psychological and physiological well-being. For example, exams are considered one of the most acute stressful experiences for students. The strength of the association between academic self-efficacy, psychological stress, and anxiety depends on a variety of factors: the type of academic challenge (e.g., oral exam), the presence of an audience, etc. Higher stress levels were predominantly recorded among younger students, primarily regarding their academic tasks and concerns (grades, exams, competing with peers for grades, fear of failing the academic year, etc.). The measurement of stress levels during academic stress can improve our understanding of the character and influence of stressful events in populations of students, preventing adverse reactions to long-term stress, such as a decreased immune response and increased anxiety.
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spelling pubmed-95983342022-10-27 A Review of Psychological Stress among Students and Its Assessment Using Salivary Biomarkers Špiljak, Bruno Vilibić, Maja Glavina, Ana Crnković, Marija Šešerko, Ana Lugović-Mihić, Liborija Behav Sci (Basel) Review Numerous psychoneuroimmune factors participate in complex bodily reactions to psychological stress, and some of them can be easily and non-invasively measured in saliva (cortisol, alpha-amylase, proinflammatory cytokines). Cortisol plays a crucial role in the stress response; thus, stressful events (academic examinations, cardiac surgery, dental procedures) are accompanied by an increase in cortisol levels. (A correlation between cortisol blood levels and salivary values has already been confirmed, particularly during stress). Academic stress is defined as everyday stress among students that has an impact on aspects of their psychological and physiological well-being. For example, exams are considered one of the most acute stressful experiences for students. The strength of the association between academic self-efficacy, psychological stress, and anxiety depends on a variety of factors: the type of academic challenge (e.g., oral exam), the presence of an audience, etc. Higher stress levels were predominantly recorded among younger students, primarily regarding their academic tasks and concerns (grades, exams, competing with peers for grades, fear of failing the academic year, etc.). The measurement of stress levels during academic stress can improve our understanding of the character and influence of stressful events in populations of students, preventing adverse reactions to long-term stress, such as a decreased immune response and increased anxiety. MDPI 2022-10-18 /pmc/articles/PMC9598334/ /pubmed/36285968 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bs12100400 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Špiljak, Bruno
Vilibić, Maja
Glavina, Ana
Crnković, Marija
Šešerko, Ana
Lugović-Mihić, Liborija
A Review of Psychological Stress among Students and Its Assessment Using Salivary Biomarkers
title A Review of Psychological Stress among Students and Its Assessment Using Salivary Biomarkers
title_full A Review of Psychological Stress among Students and Its Assessment Using Salivary Biomarkers
title_fullStr A Review of Psychological Stress among Students and Its Assessment Using Salivary Biomarkers
title_full_unstemmed A Review of Psychological Stress among Students and Its Assessment Using Salivary Biomarkers
title_short A Review of Psychological Stress among Students and Its Assessment Using Salivary Biomarkers
title_sort review of psychological stress among students and its assessment using salivary biomarkers
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9598334/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36285968
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bs12100400
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