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Poxviruses and the immune system: Implications for monkeypox virus

Poxviruses (PXVs) are mostly known for the variola virus, being the cause of smallpox; however, re-emerging PXVs have also shown a great capacity to develop outbreaks of pox-like infections in humans. The situation is alarming; PXV outbreaks have been involving both endemic and non-endemic areas in...

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Autores principales: Saghazadeh, Amene, Rezaei, Nima
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Elsevier B.V. 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9598838/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36283221
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109364
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author Saghazadeh, Amene
Rezaei, Nima
author_facet Saghazadeh, Amene
Rezaei, Nima
author_sort Saghazadeh, Amene
collection PubMed
description Poxviruses (PXVs) are mostly known for the variola virus, being the cause of smallpox; however, re-emerging PXVs have also shown a great capacity to develop outbreaks of pox-like infections in humans. The situation is alarming; PXV outbreaks have been involving both endemic and non-endemic areas in recent decades. Stopped smallpox vaccination is a reason offered mainly for this changing epidemiology that implies the protective role of immunity in the pathology of PXV infections. The immune system recognizes PXVs and elicits responses, but PXVs can antagonize these responses. Here, we briefly review the immunology of PXV infections, with emphasis on the role of pattern-recognition receptors, macrophages, and natural killer cells in the early response to PXV infections and PXVs’ strategies influencing these responses, as well as taking a glance at other immune cells, which discussion over them mainly occurs in association with PXV immunization rather than PXV infection. Throughout the review, numerous evasion mechanisms are highlighted, which might have implications for designing specific immunotherapies for PXV in the future.
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spelling pubmed-95988382022-10-28 Poxviruses and the immune system: Implications for monkeypox virus Saghazadeh, Amene Rezaei, Nima Int Immunopharmacol Review Poxviruses (PXVs) are mostly known for the variola virus, being the cause of smallpox; however, re-emerging PXVs have also shown a great capacity to develop outbreaks of pox-like infections in humans. The situation is alarming; PXV outbreaks have been involving both endemic and non-endemic areas in recent decades. Stopped smallpox vaccination is a reason offered mainly for this changing epidemiology that implies the protective role of immunity in the pathology of PXV infections. The immune system recognizes PXVs and elicits responses, but PXVs can antagonize these responses. Here, we briefly review the immunology of PXV infections, with emphasis on the role of pattern-recognition receptors, macrophages, and natural killer cells in the early response to PXV infections and PXVs’ strategies influencing these responses, as well as taking a glance at other immune cells, which discussion over them mainly occurs in association with PXV immunization rather than PXV infection. Throughout the review, numerous evasion mechanisms are highlighted, which might have implications for designing specific immunotherapies for PXV in the future. Elsevier B.V. 2022-12 2022-10-22 /pmc/articles/PMC9598838/ /pubmed/36283221 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109364 Text en © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Elsevier has created a Monkeypox Information Center (https://www.elsevier.com/connect/monkeypox-information-center) in response to the declared public health emergency of international concern, with free information in English on the monkeypox virus. The Monkeypox Information Center is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its monkeypox related research that is available on the Monkeypox Information Center - including this research content - immediately available in publicly funded repositories, with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the Monkeypox Information Center remains active.
spellingShingle Review
Saghazadeh, Amene
Rezaei, Nima
Poxviruses and the immune system: Implications for monkeypox virus
title Poxviruses and the immune system: Implications for monkeypox virus
title_full Poxviruses and the immune system: Implications for monkeypox virus
title_fullStr Poxviruses and the immune system: Implications for monkeypox virus
title_full_unstemmed Poxviruses and the immune system: Implications for monkeypox virus
title_short Poxviruses and the immune system: Implications for monkeypox virus
title_sort poxviruses and the immune system: implications for monkeypox virus
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9598838/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36283221
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109364
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