A Portable Servoregulation Controller to Automate CO(2) Removal in Artificial Lungs

Artificial lung (AL) systems provide respiratory support to patients with severe lung disease, but none can adapt to the changing respiratory needs of the patients. Precisely, none can automatically adjust carbon dioxide ([Formula: see text]) removal from the blood in response to changes in patient activity or disease status. Because of this, all current systems limit patient comfort, activity level, and rehabilitation. A portable servoregulation controller that automatically modulates [Formula: see text] removal in ALs to meet the real-time metabolic demands of the patient is described. The controller is based on a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) based closed-loop feedback control system that modulates sweep gas (air) flow through the AL to maintain a target exhaust gas [Formula: see text] partial pressure (target [Formula: see text] or [Formula: see text]). The presented work advances previous research by (1) using gas-side sensing that avoids complications and clotting associated with blood-based sensors, (2) incorporating all components into a portable, battery-powered package, and (3) integrating smart moisture removal from the AL to enable long term operation. The performance of the controller was tested in vitro for ∼12 h with anti-coagulated bovine blood and 5 days with distilled water. In tests with blood, the sweep gas flow was automatically adjusted by the controller rapidly (<2 min) meeting the specified tEG [Formula: see text] level when confronted with changes in inlet blood partial pressure of [Formula: see text] (p [Formula: see text]) levels at various AL blood flows. Overall, the [Formula: see text] removal from the AL showed a strong correlation with blood flow rate and blood p [Formula: see text] levels. The controller successfully operated continuously for 5 days when tested with water. This study demonstrates an important step toward ambulatory AL systems that automatically modulate [Formula: see text] removal as required by lung disease patients, thereby allowing for physiotherapy, comfort, and activity.