Stereoselectivity in the Membrane Transport of Phenylethylamine Derivatives by Human Monoamine Transporters and Organic Cation Transporters 1, 2, and 3

Stereoselectivity is well known and very pronounced in drug metabolism and receptor binding. However, much less is known about stereoselectivity in drug membrane transport. Here, we characterized the stereoselective cell uptake of chiral phenylethylamine derivatives by human monoamine transporters (NET, DAT, and SERT) and organic cation transporters (OCT1, OCT2, and OCT3). Stereoselectivity differed extensively between closely related transporters. High-affinity monoamine transporters (MATs) showed up to 2.4-fold stereoselective uptake of norepinephrine and epinephrine as well as of numerous analogs. While NET and DAT preferentially transported (S)-norepinephrine, SERT preferred the (R)-enantiomer. In contrast, NET and DAT showed higher transport for (R)-epinephrine and SERT for (S)-epinephrine. Generally, MAT stereoselectivity was lower than expected from their high affinity to several catecholamines and from the high stereoselectivity of some inhibitors used as antidepressants. Additionally, the OCTs differed strongly in their stereoselectivity. While OCT1 showed almost no stereoselective uptake, OCT2 was characterized by a roughly 2-fold preference for most (R)-enantiomers of the phenylethylamines. In contrast, OCT3 transported norphenylephrine and phenylephrine with 3.9-fold and 3.3-fold preference for their (R)-enantiomers, respectively, while the para-hydroxylated octopamine and synephrine showed no stereoselective OCT3 transport. Altogether, our data demonstrate that stereoselectivity is highly transporter-to-substrate specific and highly diverse even between homologous transporters.