Kaniadakis Functions beyond Statistical Mechanics: Weakest-Link Scaling, Power-Law Tails, and Modified Lognormal Distribution

Probabilistic models with flexible tail behavior have important applications in engineering and earth science. We introduce a nonlinear normalizing transformation and its inverse based on the deformed lognormal and exponential functions proposed by Kaniadakis. The deformed exponential transform can be used to generate skewed data from normal variates. We apply this transform to a censored autoregressive model for the generation of precipitation time series. We also highlight the connection between the heavy-tailed [Formula: see text]-Weibull distribution and weakest-link scaling theory, which makes the [Formula: see text]-Weibull suitable for modeling the mechanical strength distribution of materials. Finally, we introduce the [Formula: see text]-lognormal probability distribution and calculate the generalized (power) mean of [Formula: see text]-lognormal variables. The [Formula: see text]-lognormal distribution is a suitable candidate for the permeability of random porous media. In summary, the [Formula: see text]-deformations allow for the modification of tails of classical distribution models (e.g., Weibull, lognormal), thus enabling new directions of research in the analysis of spatiotemporal data with skewed distributions.