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Frequency-Dependent Ultrasonic Stimulation of Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) Microgels in Water
As a novel stimulus, we use high-frequency ultrasonic waves to provide the required energy for breaking hydrogen bonds between Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) and water molecules while the solution temperature is maintained below the volume phase transition temperature (VPTT = 32 °C). Ultrasoni...
Autores principales: | , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9601561/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36286129 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels8100628 |
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author | Razavi, Atieh Rutsch, Matthias Wismath, Sonja Kupnik, Mario von Klitzing, Regine Rahimzadeh, Amin |
author_facet | Razavi, Atieh Rutsch, Matthias Wismath, Sonja Kupnik, Mario von Klitzing, Regine Rahimzadeh, Amin |
author_sort | Razavi, Atieh |
collection | PubMed |
description | As a novel stimulus, we use high-frequency ultrasonic waves to provide the required energy for breaking hydrogen bonds between Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) and water molecules while the solution temperature is maintained below the volume phase transition temperature (VPTT = 32 °C). Ultrasonic waves propagate through the solution and their energy will be absorbed due to the liquid viscosity. The absorbed energy partially leads to the generation of a streaming flow and the rest will be spent to break the hydrogen bonds. Therefore, the microgels collapse and become insoluble in water and agglomerate, resulting in solution turbidity. We use turbidity to quantify the ultrasound energy absorption and show that the acousto-response of PNIPAM microgels is a temporal phenomenon that depends on the duration of the actuation. Increasing the solution concentration leads to a faster turbidity evolution. Furthermore, an increase in ultrasound frequency leads to an increase in the breakage of more hydrogen bonds within a certain time and thus faster turbidity evolution. This is due to the increase in ultrasound energy absorption by liquids at higher frequencies. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9601561 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-96015612022-10-27 Frequency-Dependent Ultrasonic Stimulation of Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) Microgels in Water Razavi, Atieh Rutsch, Matthias Wismath, Sonja Kupnik, Mario von Klitzing, Regine Rahimzadeh, Amin Gels Article As a novel stimulus, we use high-frequency ultrasonic waves to provide the required energy for breaking hydrogen bonds between Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) and water molecules while the solution temperature is maintained below the volume phase transition temperature (VPTT = 32 °C). Ultrasonic waves propagate through the solution and their energy will be absorbed due to the liquid viscosity. The absorbed energy partially leads to the generation of a streaming flow and the rest will be spent to break the hydrogen bonds. Therefore, the microgels collapse and become insoluble in water and agglomerate, resulting in solution turbidity. We use turbidity to quantify the ultrasound energy absorption and show that the acousto-response of PNIPAM microgels is a temporal phenomenon that depends on the duration of the actuation. Increasing the solution concentration leads to a faster turbidity evolution. Furthermore, an increase in ultrasound frequency leads to an increase in the breakage of more hydrogen bonds within a certain time and thus faster turbidity evolution. This is due to the increase in ultrasound energy absorption by liquids at higher frequencies. MDPI 2022-10-01 /pmc/articles/PMC9601561/ /pubmed/36286129 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels8100628 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Razavi, Atieh Rutsch, Matthias Wismath, Sonja Kupnik, Mario von Klitzing, Regine Rahimzadeh, Amin Frequency-Dependent Ultrasonic Stimulation of Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) Microgels in Water |
title | Frequency-Dependent Ultrasonic Stimulation of Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) Microgels in Water |
title_full | Frequency-Dependent Ultrasonic Stimulation of Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) Microgels in Water |
title_fullStr | Frequency-Dependent Ultrasonic Stimulation of Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) Microgels in Water |
title_full_unstemmed | Frequency-Dependent Ultrasonic Stimulation of Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) Microgels in Water |
title_short | Frequency-Dependent Ultrasonic Stimulation of Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) Microgels in Water |
title_sort | frequency-dependent ultrasonic stimulation of poly(n-isopropylacrylamide) microgels in water |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9601561/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36286129 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels8100628 |
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