The Burden of Out-of-Pocket Expenditure Related to Gynaecological Cancer in Malaysia

This study aimed to estimate the economic burden on gynaecological cancer patients and their households, in terms of out-of-pocket expenditure, catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) and poverty impact. A cross-sectional study was conducted at an academic tertiary-care health centre in an upper-middle-income country. Data were obtained via structured interviews of 120 gynaecological cancer patients alongside review of medical charts. Mean (SD) and median (IQR) annual household out-of-pocket expenditures were USD 2780 (SD = USD 3926) and USD 1396 (IQR = 3013), respectively. Two thirds (n = 77/120, 64%) of households experienced CHE and 17% (n = 20/120) were impoverished due to out-of-pocket expenditure related to gynaecological cancer. Factors associated with CHE, explored using multivariate logistic regression analysis, estimated that the highest income quintile households, Q5, were 90% less likely to incur CHE compared to the lowest income quintile households, Q1 (adjusted odds ratio = 0.100; p-value < 0.05) and that patients who were not receiving chemotherapy were 88% less likely to incur CHE compared to those receiving chemotherapy (adjusted odds ratio = 0.120; p-value < 0.05). These results indicate the necessity to broaden the coverage of existing financial assistance for patients from low- and middle-income households, such as extending coverage to adult patients of all ages and to those treated in all public hospitals, including academic health centres.