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IoT-Based Waste Management System in Formal and Informal Public Areas in Mecca

Urban areas worldwide are in the race to become smarter, and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) is no exception. Many of these have envisaged a chance to establish devoted municipal access networks to assist all kinds of city administration and preserve services needing data connectivity. Organizatio...

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Autores principales: Abdullah, Nibras, Al-wesabi, Ola A., Mohammed, Badiea Abdulkarem, Al-Mekhlafi, Zeyad Ghaleb, Alazmi, Meshari, Alsaffar, Mohammad, Baklizi, Mahmoud, Sumari, Putra
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9603362/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36293647
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192013066
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author Abdullah, Nibras
Al-wesabi, Ola A.
Mohammed, Badiea Abdulkarem
Al-Mekhlafi, Zeyad Ghaleb
Alazmi, Meshari
Alsaffar, Mohammad
Baklizi, Mahmoud
Sumari, Putra
author_facet Abdullah, Nibras
Al-wesabi, Ola A.
Mohammed, Badiea Abdulkarem
Al-Mekhlafi, Zeyad Ghaleb
Alazmi, Meshari
Alsaffar, Mohammad
Baklizi, Mahmoud
Sumari, Putra
author_sort Abdullah, Nibras
collection PubMed
description Urban areas worldwide are in the race to become smarter, and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) is no exception. Many of these have envisaged a chance to establish devoted municipal access networks to assist all kinds of city administration and preserve services needing data connectivity. Organizations unanimously concentrate on sustainability issues with key features of general trends, particularly the combination of the 3Rs (reduce waste, reuse and recycle resources). This paper demonstrates how the incorporation of the Internet of Things (IoT) with data access networks, geographic information systems and combinatorial optimization can contribute to enhancing cities’ administration systems. A waste-gathering approach based on supplying smart bins is introduced by using an IoT prototype embedded with sensors, which can read and convey bin volume data over the Internet. However, from another perspective, the population and residents’ attitudes directly affect the control of the waste management system. The conventional waste collection system does not cover all areas in the city. It works based on a planned scheme that is implemented by the authorized organization focused on specific popular and formal areas. The conventional system cannot observe a real-time update of the bin status to recognize whether the waste level condition is ‘full,’ ‘not full,’ or ‘empty.’ This paper uses IoT in the container and trucks that secure the overflow and separation of waste. Waste source locations and population density influence the volume of waste generation, especially waste food, as it has the highest amount of waste generation. The open public area and the small space location problems are solved by proposing different truck sizes based on the waste type. Each container is used for one type of waste, such as food, plastic and others, and uses the optimization algorithm to calculate and find the optimal route toward the full waste container. In this work, the situations in KSA are evaluated, and relevant aspects are explored. Issues relating to the sustainability of organic waste management are conceptually analyzed. A genetic-based optimization algorithm for waste collection transportation enhances the performance of waste-gathering truck management. The selected routes based on the volume status and free spaces of the smart bins are the most effective through those obtainable towards the urgent smart bin targets. The proposed system outperforms other systems by reducing the number of locations and smart bins that have to be visited by 46% for all waste types, whereas the conventional and existing systems have to visit all locations every day, resulting in high cost and consumption time.
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spelling pubmed-96033622022-10-27 IoT-Based Waste Management System in Formal and Informal Public Areas in Mecca Abdullah, Nibras Al-wesabi, Ola A. Mohammed, Badiea Abdulkarem Al-Mekhlafi, Zeyad Ghaleb Alazmi, Meshari Alsaffar, Mohammad Baklizi, Mahmoud Sumari, Putra Int J Environ Res Public Health Article Urban areas worldwide are in the race to become smarter, and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) is no exception. Many of these have envisaged a chance to establish devoted municipal access networks to assist all kinds of city administration and preserve services needing data connectivity. Organizations unanimously concentrate on sustainability issues with key features of general trends, particularly the combination of the 3Rs (reduce waste, reuse and recycle resources). This paper demonstrates how the incorporation of the Internet of Things (IoT) with data access networks, geographic information systems and combinatorial optimization can contribute to enhancing cities’ administration systems. A waste-gathering approach based on supplying smart bins is introduced by using an IoT prototype embedded with sensors, which can read and convey bin volume data over the Internet. However, from another perspective, the population and residents’ attitudes directly affect the control of the waste management system. The conventional waste collection system does not cover all areas in the city. It works based on a planned scheme that is implemented by the authorized organization focused on specific popular and formal areas. The conventional system cannot observe a real-time update of the bin status to recognize whether the waste level condition is ‘full,’ ‘not full,’ or ‘empty.’ This paper uses IoT in the container and trucks that secure the overflow and separation of waste. Waste source locations and population density influence the volume of waste generation, especially waste food, as it has the highest amount of waste generation. The open public area and the small space location problems are solved by proposing different truck sizes based on the waste type. Each container is used for one type of waste, such as food, plastic and others, and uses the optimization algorithm to calculate and find the optimal route toward the full waste container. In this work, the situations in KSA are evaluated, and relevant aspects are explored. Issues relating to the sustainability of organic waste management are conceptually analyzed. A genetic-based optimization algorithm for waste collection transportation enhances the performance of waste-gathering truck management. The selected routes based on the volume status and free spaces of the smart bins are the most effective through those obtainable towards the urgent smart bin targets. The proposed system outperforms other systems by reducing the number of locations and smart bins that have to be visited by 46% for all waste types, whereas the conventional and existing systems have to visit all locations every day, resulting in high cost and consumption time. MDPI 2022-10-11 /pmc/articles/PMC9603362/ /pubmed/36293647 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192013066 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Abdullah, Nibras
Al-wesabi, Ola A.
Mohammed, Badiea Abdulkarem
Al-Mekhlafi, Zeyad Ghaleb
Alazmi, Meshari
Alsaffar, Mohammad
Baklizi, Mahmoud
Sumari, Putra
IoT-Based Waste Management System in Formal and Informal Public Areas in Mecca
title IoT-Based Waste Management System in Formal and Informal Public Areas in Mecca
title_full IoT-Based Waste Management System in Formal and Informal Public Areas in Mecca
title_fullStr IoT-Based Waste Management System in Formal and Informal Public Areas in Mecca
title_full_unstemmed IoT-Based Waste Management System in Formal and Informal Public Areas in Mecca
title_short IoT-Based Waste Management System in Formal and Informal Public Areas in Mecca
title_sort iot-based waste management system in formal and informal public areas in mecca
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9603362/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36293647
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192013066
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