Anticoagulants as Potential SARS-CoV-2 M(pro) Inhibitors for COVID-19 Patients: In Vitro, Molecular Docking, Molecular Dynamics, DFT, and SAR Studies

In this article, 34 anticoagulant drugs were screened in silico against the main protease (M(pro)) of SARS-CoV-2 using molecular docking tools. Idraparinux, fondaparinux, eptifibatide, heparin, and ticagrelor demonstrated the highest binding affinities towards SARS-CoV-2 M(pro). A molecular dynamics study at 200 ns was also carried out for the most promising anticoagulants to provide insights into the dynamic and thermodynamic properties of promising compounds. Moreover, a quantum mechanical study was also conducted which helped us to attest to some of the molecular docking and dynamics findings. A biological evaluation (in vitro) of the most promising compounds was also performed by carrying out the MTT cytotoxicity assay and the crystal violet assay in order to assess inhibitory concentration 50 (IC(50)). It is worth noting that ticagrelor displayed the highest intrinsic potential for the inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 with an IC(50) value of 5.60 µM and a safety index of 25.33. In addition, fondaparinux sodium and dabigatran showed promising inhibitory activities with IC(50) values of 8.60 and 9.40 µM, respectively, and demonstrated safety indexes of 17.60 and 15.10, respectively. Moreover, the inhibitory potential of the SARS-CoV-2 M(pro) enzyme was investigated by utilizing the SARS-CoV-2 M(pro) assay and using tipranavir as a reference standard. Interestingly, promising SARS-CoV-2 M(pro) inhibitory potential was attained for fondaparinux sodium with an IC(50) value of 2.36 µM, surpassing the reference tipranavir (IC(50) = 7.38 µM) by more than three-fold. Furthermore, highly eligible SARS-CoV-2 M(pro) inhibitory potential was attained for dabigatran with an IC(50) value of 10.59 µM. Finally, an SAR was discussed, counting on the findings of both in vitro and in silico approaches.