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Neurovascular Manifestations of Iron-Deficient Anemia: Narrative Review and Practical Reflections through a Teaching Case
Anemia is one of the most frequent diseases worldwide, affecting one-third of the general population. Anemia in general and in particular, iron-deficient anemia (IDA), has been associated to a higher risk of thrombotic manifestations, including ischemic stroke and cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT), a...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9605151/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36294407 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11206088 |
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author | Zedde, Marialuisa Portaro, Giacomo Ferri, Laura Cavallieri, Francesco Napoli, Manuela Moratti, Claudio Piazza, Fabrizio Valzania, Franco Pascarella, Rosario |
author_facet | Zedde, Marialuisa Portaro, Giacomo Ferri, Laura Cavallieri, Francesco Napoli, Manuela Moratti, Claudio Piazza, Fabrizio Valzania, Franco Pascarella, Rosario |
author_sort | Zedde, Marialuisa |
collection | PubMed |
description | Anemia is one of the most frequent diseases worldwide, affecting one-third of the general population. Anemia in general and in particular, iron-deficient anemia (IDA), has been associated to a higher risk of thrombotic manifestations, including ischemic stroke and cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT), as well as systemic extra-cerebral arterial and venous thrombosis. Despite these data, anemia is seldom considered as an etiological factor of stroke. An individual case encompassing all known neurovascular and systemic arterial and venous thrombotic manifestations related to IDA is presented with the focus on clinical reasoning issues in the diagnostic pathways, starting from the neuroradiological signs. The main questions have been identified and addressed in a narrative review of the most relevant data in the literature from a pragmatic and clinical viewpoint. The presented case concerns a 46-year-old man admitted to the Stroke Unit because of acute ischemic stroke with multiple thrombi in large intracranial and extracranial vessels, multifocal ischemic lesions in several arterial territories and the concurrent finding of asymptomatic CVT, pulmonary embolism with lung infarction and aortic thrombosis. An extended diagnostic work-up excluded the main etiologies (arterial dissection, cardiac embolism, genetic and acquired prothrombotic disorders, such as cancer and antiphospholipid syndrome), except for a severe IDA, such as to require blood transfusions followed by anticoagulant therapy for the several thrombotic manifestations. Neuroimaging and systemic vascular findings have been analyzed, and the main issues proposed by the case in the diagnostic pathway have been identified and discussed in a pragmatic clinical road map reviewing the data provided by the literature. Conclusions: IDA is a common but treatable condition that, independently or synergically, may increase the risk of thrombotic events. The diagnostic and therapeutic approach has not yet been defined, and each case should be individually addressed in a pragmatic clinical road map. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9605151 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-96051512022-10-27 Neurovascular Manifestations of Iron-Deficient Anemia: Narrative Review and Practical Reflections through a Teaching Case Zedde, Marialuisa Portaro, Giacomo Ferri, Laura Cavallieri, Francesco Napoli, Manuela Moratti, Claudio Piazza, Fabrizio Valzania, Franco Pascarella, Rosario J Clin Med Case Report Anemia is one of the most frequent diseases worldwide, affecting one-third of the general population. Anemia in general and in particular, iron-deficient anemia (IDA), has been associated to a higher risk of thrombotic manifestations, including ischemic stroke and cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT), as well as systemic extra-cerebral arterial and venous thrombosis. Despite these data, anemia is seldom considered as an etiological factor of stroke. An individual case encompassing all known neurovascular and systemic arterial and venous thrombotic manifestations related to IDA is presented with the focus on clinical reasoning issues in the diagnostic pathways, starting from the neuroradiological signs. The main questions have been identified and addressed in a narrative review of the most relevant data in the literature from a pragmatic and clinical viewpoint. The presented case concerns a 46-year-old man admitted to the Stroke Unit because of acute ischemic stroke with multiple thrombi in large intracranial and extracranial vessels, multifocal ischemic lesions in several arterial territories and the concurrent finding of asymptomatic CVT, pulmonary embolism with lung infarction and aortic thrombosis. An extended diagnostic work-up excluded the main etiologies (arterial dissection, cardiac embolism, genetic and acquired prothrombotic disorders, such as cancer and antiphospholipid syndrome), except for a severe IDA, such as to require blood transfusions followed by anticoagulant therapy for the several thrombotic manifestations. Neuroimaging and systemic vascular findings have been analyzed, and the main issues proposed by the case in the diagnostic pathway have been identified and discussed in a pragmatic clinical road map reviewing the data provided by the literature. Conclusions: IDA is a common but treatable condition that, independently or synergically, may increase the risk of thrombotic events. The diagnostic and therapeutic approach has not yet been defined, and each case should be individually addressed in a pragmatic clinical road map. MDPI 2022-10-15 /pmc/articles/PMC9605151/ /pubmed/36294407 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11206088 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Case Report Zedde, Marialuisa Portaro, Giacomo Ferri, Laura Cavallieri, Francesco Napoli, Manuela Moratti, Claudio Piazza, Fabrizio Valzania, Franco Pascarella, Rosario Neurovascular Manifestations of Iron-Deficient Anemia: Narrative Review and Practical Reflections through a Teaching Case |
title | Neurovascular Manifestations of Iron-Deficient Anemia: Narrative Review and Practical Reflections through a Teaching Case |
title_full | Neurovascular Manifestations of Iron-Deficient Anemia: Narrative Review and Practical Reflections through a Teaching Case |
title_fullStr | Neurovascular Manifestations of Iron-Deficient Anemia: Narrative Review and Practical Reflections through a Teaching Case |
title_full_unstemmed | Neurovascular Manifestations of Iron-Deficient Anemia: Narrative Review and Practical Reflections through a Teaching Case |
title_short | Neurovascular Manifestations of Iron-Deficient Anemia: Narrative Review and Practical Reflections through a Teaching Case |
title_sort | neurovascular manifestations of iron-deficient anemia: narrative review and practical reflections through a teaching case |
topic | Case Report |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9605151/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36294407 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11206088 |
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