The Performance and Mechanism of Sludge Reduction by the Bioaugmentation Approach

SIMPLE SUMMARY: Activated sludge-based wastewater treatment process is one of the most popular adopted systems in wastewater treatment plants around the world. Excess sludge is an inevitable byproduct of the process, and the enormous quantity has brought a significant burden on operational costs. Various physicochemical and biological methods have been developed. Biological-based methods are promising because of less chemical consumption and low operation cost comparing to physicochemical methods. Hence, the present study is aimed at searching for functional bacteria that could reduce sludge, enhance the performance of sludge reduction through optimization, and try to unveil the underlying mechanism during sludge reduction. A total of 19 strains that belong to Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria were successfully isolated and identified. Subsequently, the performance of sludge reduction by pure culture or mix-cultures was validated. In total, 21.2% and 13.9% of total suspended and volatile suspended solids were reduced within 48 h after optimization via response surface methodology. The three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectrum and hydrolases test results revealed that the sludge reduction might be promoted by the strain mainly through hydrolysis via proteinase and amylase. The results obtained from the study could help us to find an effective and economical way to resolve the sludge issue. ABSTRACT: Millions of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) based on the activated sludge process have been established worldwide to help to purify wastewater. However, a vast amount of sludge is inevitably generated, and the cost of sludge disposal could reach over half of the total operation cost of a WWTP. Various sludge reduction techniques have been developed, including physicochemical, biological, and combinational methods. Micro-organisms that could reduce sludge by cryptic growth are vital to the biological approach. Currently, only limited functional bacteria have been isolated, and the lack of knowledge on the underlying mechanism hinders the technique development. Therefore, the present study is aimed at isolating sludge-reducing bacteria and optimizing the sludge reduction process through response surface methodology. Nineteen strains were obtained from sludge. The mix-cultures did not show a higher sludge reduction rate than the pure culture, which may be ascribed to the complicated interactions, such as competition and antagonistic effects. In total, 21.2% and 13.9% of total suspended and volatile suspended solids were reduced within 48 h after optimization. The three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectrum and hydrolases test results revealed that the sludge reduction might be promoted by the strain mainly through hydrolysis via proteinase and amylase. The results obtained from the study demonstrate the potential of using micro-organisms for sludge reduction through cryptic growth.