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Lumbo-sacral Junction Instability by Traumatic Sacral Fractures: Isler’s Classification Revisited – A Narrative Review

STUDY DESIGN: Narrative review OBJECTIVES: Multiple classifications have been proposed for sacral fractures since the last century. While initial classifications focussed on vertical and transverse fractures, the recent fracture classifications encompass all injury patterns. In 1990, Isler classifie...

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Autores principales: Kanna, Rishi M, Rajasekaran, Shanmuganathan, Schroeder, Gregory D, Schnake, Klaus, Vaccaro, Alexander R, Benneker, Lorin, Oner, Cumhur F, Kandziora, Frank, Vialle, Emiliano
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: SAGE Publications 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9609506/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35192399
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21925682221076414
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author Kanna, Rishi M
Rajasekaran, Shanmuganathan
Schroeder, Gregory D
Schnake, Klaus
Vaccaro, Alexander R
Benneker, Lorin
Oner, Cumhur F
Kandziora, Frank
Vialle, Emiliano
author_facet Kanna, Rishi M
Rajasekaran, Shanmuganathan
Schroeder, Gregory D
Schnake, Klaus
Vaccaro, Alexander R
Benneker, Lorin
Oner, Cumhur F
Kandziora, Frank
Vialle, Emiliano
author_sort Kanna, Rishi M
collection PubMed
description STUDY DESIGN: Narrative review OBJECTIVES: Multiple classifications have been proposed for sacral fractures since the last century. While initial classifications focussed on vertical and transverse fractures, the recent fracture classifications encompass all injury patterns. In 1990, Isler classified unilateral vertical sacral fractures based on its potential influence on lumbo-sacral joint (LSJ) stability. METHODS: We re-visited the original description of Isler’s classification of sacral fractures and subsequent studies that have cited it. We will further describe basic LSJ anatomy, evolution of sacral classification systems and the use of Isler’s classification system as it relates to LSJ instability and chronic low back pain. RESULTS: Isler described a subset of unilateral vertical sacral fractures where the fracture line exited medial or through the L5-S1 facet joint, based on radiographic review of 193 sacral fractures (incidence -3.5%). He stated that such a fracture should be recognised as it can impede hemi-pelvis reduction and can result in late LSJ instability. The article has been cited in 106 studies and only a few studies have described the incidence of this variant. Nevertheless, the injury is considered as an indication for surgical fixation. CONCLUSION: A review of various classifications indicates that sacral fractures have three important bio-mechanical implications, namely, pelvic ring continuity (vertical fractures), spino-pelvic alignment (high transverse fractures) and lumbo-sacral joint integrity (Isler’s fractures). Though there is a universal recognition of Isler’s fractures and its impact on LSJ integrity, there is a lack of clinical and bio-mechanical evidence regarding the concept of instability caused by a unilateral Isler fracture.
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spelling pubmed-96095062022-10-28 Lumbo-sacral Junction Instability by Traumatic Sacral Fractures: Isler’s Classification Revisited – A Narrative Review Kanna, Rishi M Rajasekaran, Shanmuganathan Schroeder, Gregory D Schnake, Klaus Vaccaro, Alexander R Benneker, Lorin Oner, Cumhur F Kandziora, Frank Vialle, Emiliano Global Spine J Review Articles STUDY DESIGN: Narrative review OBJECTIVES: Multiple classifications have been proposed for sacral fractures since the last century. While initial classifications focussed on vertical and transverse fractures, the recent fracture classifications encompass all injury patterns. In 1990, Isler classified unilateral vertical sacral fractures based on its potential influence on lumbo-sacral joint (LSJ) stability. METHODS: We re-visited the original description of Isler’s classification of sacral fractures and subsequent studies that have cited it. We will further describe basic LSJ anatomy, evolution of sacral classification systems and the use of Isler’s classification system as it relates to LSJ instability and chronic low back pain. RESULTS: Isler described a subset of unilateral vertical sacral fractures where the fracture line exited medial or through the L5-S1 facet joint, based on radiographic review of 193 sacral fractures (incidence -3.5%). He stated that such a fracture should be recognised as it can impede hemi-pelvis reduction and can result in late LSJ instability. The article has been cited in 106 studies and only a few studies have described the incidence of this variant. Nevertheless, the injury is considered as an indication for surgical fixation. CONCLUSION: A review of various classifications indicates that sacral fractures have three important bio-mechanical implications, namely, pelvic ring continuity (vertical fractures), spino-pelvic alignment (high transverse fractures) and lumbo-sacral joint integrity (Isler’s fractures). Though there is a universal recognition of Isler’s fractures and its impact on LSJ integrity, there is a lack of clinical and bio-mechanical evidence regarding the concept of instability caused by a unilateral Isler fracture. SAGE Publications 2022-02-22 2022-10 /pmc/articles/PMC9609506/ /pubmed/35192399 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21925682221076414 Text en © The Author(s) 2022 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work as published without adaptation or alteration, without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access pages (https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage).
spellingShingle Review Articles
Kanna, Rishi M
Rajasekaran, Shanmuganathan
Schroeder, Gregory D
Schnake, Klaus
Vaccaro, Alexander R
Benneker, Lorin
Oner, Cumhur F
Kandziora, Frank
Vialle, Emiliano
Lumbo-sacral Junction Instability by Traumatic Sacral Fractures: Isler’s Classification Revisited – A Narrative Review
title Lumbo-sacral Junction Instability by Traumatic Sacral Fractures: Isler’s Classification Revisited – A Narrative Review
title_full Lumbo-sacral Junction Instability by Traumatic Sacral Fractures: Isler’s Classification Revisited – A Narrative Review
title_fullStr Lumbo-sacral Junction Instability by Traumatic Sacral Fractures: Isler’s Classification Revisited – A Narrative Review
title_full_unstemmed Lumbo-sacral Junction Instability by Traumatic Sacral Fractures: Isler’s Classification Revisited – A Narrative Review
title_short Lumbo-sacral Junction Instability by Traumatic Sacral Fractures: Isler’s Classification Revisited – A Narrative Review
title_sort lumbo-sacral junction instability by traumatic sacral fractures: isler’s classification revisited – a narrative review
topic Review Articles
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9609506/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35192399
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21925682221076414
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