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SARS-CoV-2: The Impact of Co-Infections with Particular Reference to Mycoplasma pneumonia—A Clinical Review
Background: After its 2019 outbreak in Wuhan, scientists worldwide have been studying the epidemiology and clinical characteristics of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in children. Evidence indicates that children with SARS-CoV-2 infection are more likely to develop upper...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9610609/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36296214 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10101936 |
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author | Marino, Silvia Pavone, Piero Marino, Lidia Nunnari, Giuseppe Ceccarelli, Manuela Coppola, Claudio Distefano, Chiara Falsaperla, Raffaele |
author_facet | Marino, Silvia Pavone, Piero Marino, Lidia Nunnari, Giuseppe Ceccarelli, Manuela Coppola, Claudio Distefano, Chiara Falsaperla, Raffaele |
author_sort | Marino, Silvia |
collection | PubMed |
description | Background: After its 2019 outbreak in Wuhan, scientists worldwide have been studying the epidemiology and clinical characteristics of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in children. Evidence indicates that children with SARS-CoV-2 infection are more likely to develop upper and lower respiratory tract infections in association with other infectious agents, such as Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Here, we conducted a systematic review of SARS-CoV-2 and Mycoplasma pneumoniae co-infection and their clinical course in children. Methods: We evaluated the published literature on SARS-CoV-2 by using the medical databases PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Web of Science. In the searches, the Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) terms “SARS-CoV-2 and Mycoplasma pneumoniae” AND “co-infection SARS-CoV-2” were used. Studies describing co-infection with SARS-CoV-2 and Mycoplasma pneumoniae in children were included in the review. The study was conducted and reported in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Results: According to the PRISMA guidelines, of the 38 identified studies, 14 were conducted in children (children/adolescents 0–18 years), 6 of which were included in this review. In total, 5867 children under the age of 17 years were diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 infection through real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis of nasopharyngeal swabs to detect viral RNA. Elevated serum IgM levels specific to Mycoplasma pneumoniae were observed in 534 children and were associated with a Kawasaki-like illness in one child. To date, all of the children are alive. Conclusion: This study underlines the importance of considering, depending on the clinical context, a possible co-infection between SARS-CoV-2 and atypical bacteria, such as Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Co-infections with other respiratory pathogens during the pandemic and hospital stay can cause mistakes in clinical diagnostic and drug treatment. Physicians should perform early differential diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 in association with other infectious agents. Further studies are needed to have a real incidence of these co-infections and their impact on symptoms, course, and outcome of patients with SARS-CoV-2. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9610609 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-96106092022-10-28 SARS-CoV-2: The Impact of Co-Infections with Particular Reference to Mycoplasma pneumonia—A Clinical Review Marino, Silvia Pavone, Piero Marino, Lidia Nunnari, Giuseppe Ceccarelli, Manuela Coppola, Claudio Distefano, Chiara Falsaperla, Raffaele Microorganisms Review Background: After its 2019 outbreak in Wuhan, scientists worldwide have been studying the epidemiology and clinical characteristics of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in children. Evidence indicates that children with SARS-CoV-2 infection are more likely to develop upper and lower respiratory tract infections in association with other infectious agents, such as Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Here, we conducted a systematic review of SARS-CoV-2 and Mycoplasma pneumoniae co-infection and their clinical course in children. Methods: We evaluated the published literature on SARS-CoV-2 by using the medical databases PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Web of Science. In the searches, the Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) terms “SARS-CoV-2 and Mycoplasma pneumoniae” AND “co-infection SARS-CoV-2” were used. Studies describing co-infection with SARS-CoV-2 and Mycoplasma pneumoniae in children were included in the review. The study was conducted and reported in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Results: According to the PRISMA guidelines, of the 38 identified studies, 14 were conducted in children (children/adolescents 0–18 years), 6 of which were included in this review. In total, 5867 children under the age of 17 years were diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 infection through real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis of nasopharyngeal swabs to detect viral RNA. Elevated serum IgM levels specific to Mycoplasma pneumoniae were observed in 534 children and were associated with a Kawasaki-like illness in one child. To date, all of the children are alive. Conclusion: This study underlines the importance of considering, depending on the clinical context, a possible co-infection between SARS-CoV-2 and atypical bacteria, such as Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Co-infections with other respiratory pathogens during the pandemic and hospital stay can cause mistakes in clinical diagnostic and drug treatment. Physicians should perform early differential diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 in association with other infectious agents. Further studies are needed to have a real incidence of these co-infections and their impact on symptoms, course, and outcome of patients with SARS-CoV-2. MDPI 2022-09-29 /pmc/articles/PMC9610609/ /pubmed/36296214 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10101936 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review Marino, Silvia Pavone, Piero Marino, Lidia Nunnari, Giuseppe Ceccarelli, Manuela Coppola, Claudio Distefano, Chiara Falsaperla, Raffaele SARS-CoV-2: The Impact of Co-Infections with Particular Reference to Mycoplasma pneumonia—A Clinical Review |
title | SARS-CoV-2: The Impact of Co-Infections with Particular Reference to Mycoplasma pneumonia—A Clinical Review |
title_full | SARS-CoV-2: The Impact of Co-Infections with Particular Reference to Mycoplasma pneumonia—A Clinical Review |
title_fullStr | SARS-CoV-2: The Impact of Co-Infections with Particular Reference to Mycoplasma pneumonia—A Clinical Review |
title_full_unstemmed | SARS-CoV-2: The Impact of Co-Infections with Particular Reference to Mycoplasma pneumonia—A Clinical Review |
title_short | SARS-CoV-2: The Impact of Co-Infections with Particular Reference to Mycoplasma pneumonia—A Clinical Review |
title_sort | sars-cov-2: the impact of co-infections with particular reference to mycoplasma pneumonia—a clinical review |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9610609/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36296214 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10101936 |
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