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Blood Lead Levels among Non-Occupationally Exposed Pregnant Women in Southern Thailand

Lead (Pb) is a heavy metal that is toxic to humans, especially children and pregnant women. In Thailand, guidelines exist to minimize lead exposure in pregnant women working in lead-related occupations. However, no guidelines exist for pregnant women who are not employed in these economic sectors. T...

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Autores principales: Waeyeng, Donrawee, Khamphaya, Tanaporn, Pouyfung, Phisit, Vattanasit, Udomratana, Yimthiang, Supabhorn
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9610693/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36287879
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics10100599
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author Waeyeng, Donrawee
Khamphaya, Tanaporn
Pouyfung, Phisit
Vattanasit, Udomratana
Yimthiang, Supabhorn
author_facet Waeyeng, Donrawee
Khamphaya, Tanaporn
Pouyfung, Phisit
Vattanasit, Udomratana
Yimthiang, Supabhorn
author_sort Waeyeng, Donrawee
collection PubMed
description Lead (Pb) is a heavy metal that is toxic to humans, especially children and pregnant women. In Thailand, guidelines exist to minimize lead exposure in pregnant women working in lead-related occupations. However, no guidelines exist for pregnant women who are not employed in these economic sectors. This cross-sectional study aimed to examine blood lead levels (BLLs) and related risk factors among 80 non-occupationally exposed pregnant women from the general population living in Nakhon Si Thammarat province, Southern Thailand. BLLs were determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry. A validated questionnaire was adopted to interview participants which included demographic, consumer goods, supplement intake, and health factors. The mean BLL was 4.68 ± 1.55 µg/dL (95% CI 4.33–5.02) and 42.50% had BLLs ≥ 5 µg/dL. Higher education was the only demographic factor associated with BLLs ≥ 5 µg/dL (aOR 0.16, 95% CI 0.03–0.80, p = 0.027). Systolic blood pressure was also associated with BLLs ≥ 5 µg/dL (aOR 5.00, 95% CI 1.23–17.16, p = 0.023). However, consumer goods and supplement intake were not associated with BLLs. Our results indicate that pregnant women from the general population who were not in the risk exposure group had lead in their bodies. Except for education, demographics were not associated with pregnant women with BLLs. However, with health factors, even low BLLs had a small effect on systolic blood pressure. These data suggest a need for promoting health education and health interventions to prevent the dangers of lead exposure, especially for pregnant women and children.
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spelling pubmed-96106932022-10-28 Blood Lead Levels among Non-Occupationally Exposed Pregnant Women in Southern Thailand Waeyeng, Donrawee Khamphaya, Tanaporn Pouyfung, Phisit Vattanasit, Udomratana Yimthiang, Supabhorn Toxics Article Lead (Pb) is a heavy metal that is toxic to humans, especially children and pregnant women. In Thailand, guidelines exist to minimize lead exposure in pregnant women working in lead-related occupations. However, no guidelines exist for pregnant women who are not employed in these economic sectors. This cross-sectional study aimed to examine blood lead levels (BLLs) and related risk factors among 80 non-occupationally exposed pregnant women from the general population living in Nakhon Si Thammarat province, Southern Thailand. BLLs were determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry. A validated questionnaire was adopted to interview participants which included demographic, consumer goods, supplement intake, and health factors. The mean BLL was 4.68 ± 1.55 µg/dL (95% CI 4.33–5.02) and 42.50% had BLLs ≥ 5 µg/dL. Higher education was the only demographic factor associated with BLLs ≥ 5 µg/dL (aOR 0.16, 95% CI 0.03–0.80, p = 0.027). Systolic blood pressure was also associated with BLLs ≥ 5 µg/dL (aOR 5.00, 95% CI 1.23–17.16, p = 0.023). However, consumer goods and supplement intake were not associated with BLLs. Our results indicate that pregnant women from the general population who were not in the risk exposure group had lead in their bodies. Except for education, demographics were not associated with pregnant women with BLLs. However, with health factors, even low BLLs had a small effect on systolic blood pressure. These data suggest a need for promoting health education and health interventions to prevent the dangers of lead exposure, especially for pregnant women and children. MDPI 2022-10-11 /pmc/articles/PMC9610693/ /pubmed/36287879 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics10100599 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Waeyeng, Donrawee
Khamphaya, Tanaporn
Pouyfung, Phisit
Vattanasit, Udomratana
Yimthiang, Supabhorn
Blood Lead Levels among Non-Occupationally Exposed Pregnant Women in Southern Thailand
title Blood Lead Levels among Non-Occupationally Exposed Pregnant Women in Southern Thailand
title_full Blood Lead Levels among Non-Occupationally Exposed Pregnant Women in Southern Thailand
title_fullStr Blood Lead Levels among Non-Occupationally Exposed Pregnant Women in Southern Thailand
title_full_unstemmed Blood Lead Levels among Non-Occupationally Exposed Pregnant Women in Southern Thailand
title_short Blood Lead Levels among Non-Occupationally Exposed Pregnant Women in Southern Thailand
title_sort blood lead levels among non-occupationally exposed pregnant women in southern thailand
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9610693/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36287879
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics10100599
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