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Blood Lead Levels among Non-Occupationally Exposed Pregnant Women in Southern Thailand
Lead (Pb) is a heavy metal that is toxic to humans, especially children and pregnant women. In Thailand, guidelines exist to minimize lead exposure in pregnant women working in lead-related occupations. However, no guidelines exist for pregnant women who are not employed in these economic sectors. T...
Autores principales: | , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9610693/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36287879 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics10100599 |
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author | Waeyeng, Donrawee Khamphaya, Tanaporn Pouyfung, Phisit Vattanasit, Udomratana Yimthiang, Supabhorn |
author_facet | Waeyeng, Donrawee Khamphaya, Tanaporn Pouyfung, Phisit Vattanasit, Udomratana Yimthiang, Supabhorn |
author_sort | Waeyeng, Donrawee |
collection | PubMed |
description | Lead (Pb) is a heavy metal that is toxic to humans, especially children and pregnant women. In Thailand, guidelines exist to minimize lead exposure in pregnant women working in lead-related occupations. However, no guidelines exist for pregnant women who are not employed in these economic sectors. This cross-sectional study aimed to examine blood lead levels (BLLs) and related risk factors among 80 non-occupationally exposed pregnant women from the general population living in Nakhon Si Thammarat province, Southern Thailand. BLLs were determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry. A validated questionnaire was adopted to interview participants which included demographic, consumer goods, supplement intake, and health factors. The mean BLL was 4.68 ± 1.55 µg/dL (95% CI 4.33–5.02) and 42.50% had BLLs ≥ 5 µg/dL. Higher education was the only demographic factor associated with BLLs ≥ 5 µg/dL (aOR 0.16, 95% CI 0.03–0.80, p = 0.027). Systolic blood pressure was also associated with BLLs ≥ 5 µg/dL (aOR 5.00, 95% CI 1.23–17.16, p = 0.023). However, consumer goods and supplement intake were not associated with BLLs. Our results indicate that pregnant women from the general population who were not in the risk exposure group had lead in their bodies. Except for education, demographics were not associated with pregnant women with BLLs. However, with health factors, even low BLLs had a small effect on systolic blood pressure. These data suggest a need for promoting health education and health interventions to prevent the dangers of lead exposure, especially for pregnant women and children. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9610693 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-96106932022-10-28 Blood Lead Levels among Non-Occupationally Exposed Pregnant Women in Southern Thailand Waeyeng, Donrawee Khamphaya, Tanaporn Pouyfung, Phisit Vattanasit, Udomratana Yimthiang, Supabhorn Toxics Article Lead (Pb) is a heavy metal that is toxic to humans, especially children and pregnant women. In Thailand, guidelines exist to minimize lead exposure in pregnant women working in lead-related occupations. However, no guidelines exist for pregnant women who are not employed in these economic sectors. This cross-sectional study aimed to examine blood lead levels (BLLs) and related risk factors among 80 non-occupationally exposed pregnant women from the general population living in Nakhon Si Thammarat province, Southern Thailand. BLLs were determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry. A validated questionnaire was adopted to interview participants which included demographic, consumer goods, supplement intake, and health factors. The mean BLL was 4.68 ± 1.55 µg/dL (95% CI 4.33–5.02) and 42.50% had BLLs ≥ 5 µg/dL. Higher education was the only demographic factor associated with BLLs ≥ 5 µg/dL (aOR 0.16, 95% CI 0.03–0.80, p = 0.027). Systolic blood pressure was also associated with BLLs ≥ 5 µg/dL (aOR 5.00, 95% CI 1.23–17.16, p = 0.023). However, consumer goods and supplement intake were not associated with BLLs. Our results indicate that pregnant women from the general population who were not in the risk exposure group had lead in their bodies. Except for education, demographics were not associated with pregnant women with BLLs. However, with health factors, even low BLLs had a small effect on systolic blood pressure. These data suggest a need for promoting health education and health interventions to prevent the dangers of lead exposure, especially for pregnant women and children. MDPI 2022-10-11 /pmc/articles/PMC9610693/ /pubmed/36287879 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics10100599 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Waeyeng, Donrawee Khamphaya, Tanaporn Pouyfung, Phisit Vattanasit, Udomratana Yimthiang, Supabhorn Blood Lead Levels among Non-Occupationally Exposed Pregnant Women in Southern Thailand |
title | Blood Lead Levels among Non-Occupationally Exposed Pregnant Women in Southern Thailand |
title_full | Blood Lead Levels among Non-Occupationally Exposed Pregnant Women in Southern Thailand |
title_fullStr | Blood Lead Levels among Non-Occupationally Exposed Pregnant Women in Southern Thailand |
title_full_unstemmed | Blood Lead Levels among Non-Occupationally Exposed Pregnant Women in Southern Thailand |
title_short | Blood Lead Levels among Non-Occupationally Exposed Pregnant Women in Southern Thailand |
title_sort | blood lead levels among non-occupationally exposed pregnant women in southern thailand |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9610693/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36287879 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics10100599 |
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