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Vitamin K Contribution to DNA Damage—Advantage or Disadvantage? A Human Health Response
Vitamin K is the common name for a group of compounds recognized as essential for blood clotting. The group comprises phylloquinone (K1)—a 2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone; menaquinone (K2, MK)—a group of compounds with an unsaturated side chain in position 3 of a different number of isoprene un...
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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MDPI
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9611527/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36296903 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14204219 |
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author | Kaźmierczak-Barańska, Julia Karwowski, Bolesław T. |
author_facet | Kaźmierczak-Barańska, Julia Karwowski, Bolesław T. |
author_sort | Kaźmierczak-Barańska, Julia |
collection | PubMed |
description | Vitamin K is the common name for a group of compounds recognized as essential for blood clotting. The group comprises phylloquinone (K1)—a 2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone; menaquinone (K2, MK)—a group of compounds with an unsaturated side chain in position 3 of a different number of isoprene units and a 1,4-naphthoquinone group and menadione (K3, MD)—a group of synthetic, water-soluble compounds 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone. However, recent epidemiological studies suggest that vitamin K has various benefits that go beyond blood coagulation processes. A dietary intake of K1 is inversely associated with the risk of pancreatic cancer, K2 has the potential to induce a differentiation in leukemia cells or apoptosis of various types of cancer cells, and K3 has a documented anti-cancer effect. A healthy diet rich in fruit and vegetables ensures an optimal supply of K1 and K2, though consumers often prefer supplements. Interestingly, the synthetic form of vitamin K—menadione—appears in the cell during the metabolism of phylloquinone and is a precursor of MK-4, a form of vitamin K2 inaccessible in food. With this in mind, the purpose of this review is to emphasize the importance of vitamin K as a micronutrient, which not only has a beneficial effect on blood clotting and the skeleton, but also reduces the risk of cancer and other pro-inflammatory diseases. A proper diet should be a basic and common preventive procedure, resulting in a healthier society and reduced burden on healthcare systems. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9611527 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-96115272022-10-28 Vitamin K Contribution to DNA Damage—Advantage or Disadvantage? A Human Health Response Kaźmierczak-Barańska, Julia Karwowski, Bolesław T. Nutrients Review Vitamin K is the common name for a group of compounds recognized as essential for blood clotting. The group comprises phylloquinone (K1)—a 2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone; menaquinone (K2, MK)—a group of compounds with an unsaturated side chain in position 3 of a different number of isoprene units and a 1,4-naphthoquinone group and menadione (K3, MD)—a group of synthetic, water-soluble compounds 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone. However, recent epidemiological studies suggest that vitamin K has various benefits that go beyond blood coagulation processes. A dietary intake of K1 is inversely associated with the risk of pancreatic cancer, K2 has the potential to induce a differentiation in leukemia cells or apoptosis of various types of cancer cells, and K3 has a documented anti-cancer effect. A healthy diet rich in fruit and vegetables ensures an optimal supply of K1 and K2, though consumers often prefer supplements. Interestingly, the synthetic form of vitamin K—menadione—appears in the cell during the metabolism of phylloquinone and is a precursor of MK-4, a form of vitamin K2 inaccessible in food. With this in mind, the purpose of this review is to emphasize the importance of vitamin K as a micronutrient, which not only has a beneficial effect on blood clotting and the skeleton, but also reduces the risk of cancer and other pro-inflammatory diseases. A proper diet should be a basic and common preventive procedure, resulting in a healthier society and reduced burden on healthcare systems. MDPI 2022-10-11 /pmc/articles/PMC9611527/ /pubmed/36296903 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14204219 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review Kaźmierczak-Barańska, Julia Karwowski, Bolesław T. Vitamin K Contribution to DNA Damage—Advantage or Disadvantage? A Human Health Response |
title | Vitamin K Contribution to DNA Damage—Advantage or Disadvantage? A Human Health Response |
title_full | Vitamin K Contribution to DNA Damage—Advantage or Disadvantage? A Human Health Response |
title_fullStr | Vitamin K Contribution to DNA Damage—Advantage or Disadvantage? A Human Health Response |
title_full_unstemmed | Vitamin K Contribution to DNA Damage—Advantage or Disadvantage? A Human Health Response |
title_short | Vitamin K Contribution to DNA Damage—Advantage or Disadvantage? A Human Health Response |
title_sort | vitamin k contribution to dna damage—advantage or disadvantage? a human health response |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9611527/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36296903 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14204219 |
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