Hypercalcemia in Urological Malignancies: A Review

Hypercalcemia is an uncommon occurrence in urological malignancies except for renal cell carcinoma. However, when seen, it is usually associated with advanced disease and both the osteolytic as well as humoral mechanisms may be causative. Owing to its rarity, hypercalcemia can be easily missed during the initial evaluation of a patient with urologic malignancy. Our article aims to highlight the mechanisms associated with hypercalcemia in malignancy, in general, and review the available literature on hypercalcemia in urological malignancies. We also aim to discuss the management options in case of such an unusual occurrence in any urological cancer.