Abundance and seasonality of phoronid larvae in coastal temperate waters: More abundant than previously thought?

In zooplankton surveys, many smaller taxa or species considered less important are often overlooked. One such example is the actinotrocha larvae of phoronid worms that are rarely quantified in zooplankton samples yet may play important roles in marine food webs. To gain a better understanding of phoronid ecology in coastal waters, we retrospectively analysed 145 plankton samples collected from two coastal sites in Ireland (Lough Hyne and Bantry Bay). Samples were collected using plankton nets from depths of 20 and 40 m. Phoronids were present in 37.7% and 38.2% of samples, with mean abundances of 0.3 ± 0.5 ind. m(−3) and 1.2 ± 2.8 ind. m(−3), respectively, and were identified as Phoronis muelleri and Phoronis hippocrepia. Phoronids were present consistently each year from April to October at Lough Hyne and from February to October at Bantry Bay. Comparisons with other taxa in Lough Hyne show that abundances are similar to those of fish larvae (1.1 ± 1.8 ind. m(−3)) and echinoderm larvae (2.3 ± 4.4 ind. m(−3)). Examination of these samples from Irish waters suggests that phoronids are more abundant in temperate waters than previously reported. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10452-022-09982-6.