Prevalence of Microalbuminuria and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus Type-II in Al-Khobar, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Background Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a common disorder worldwide. Impaired control of glucose levels predisposes to renal dysfunction, detected by a diagnosis of microalbuminuria. Several other risk factors have been identified in the development of microalbuminuria, such as hypertension, smoking, dyslipidemia, and obesity. Objective Assessment of microalbuminuria and cardiovascular risk factors in type-II diabetic patients who attended the outpatient clinic for the internal medicine department at King Fahd University Hospital, Al-Khobar. Methods A retrospective cross-sectional and an observational study included data from 2014 to 2022 collected from medical records. Patients with diabetes type-II and aged ≥18 years were included. The following were reviewed (age, sex, height, weight, body mass index, waist, hip, waist-hip ratio, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, smoking, sedentary lifestyle, diagnosis of dyslipidemia/hypertension, diabetes duration in years) and laboratory results (fasting blood glucose, HbA1C%, estimated glomerular filtration rate, serum creatinine, serum cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, and triglycerides). Microalbuminuria was measured by the urine albumin to creatinine ratio and was diagnosed if levels were 30-300 mg/g. Results Among 301 studied patients, the prevalence of microalbuminuria was found at 36.8%. The mean age was 57.8 ± 12.6 years, and females were 45%. The mean ± SD fasting blood glucose was 165.9 ± 71.9 mg/dL, while HbA1C% was 8.8 ± 5.6. Microalbuminuria was significantly associated with age, diabetes duration, systolic blood pressure, HbA1C%, fasting blood glucose, and triglyceride levels (p≤0.05). Conclusion Microalbuminuria in T2DM patients was high in this study, which emphasizes the need for early detection of microalbuminuria. The study suggests the need for effective diabetes control and the prevention of associated cardiovascular risk factors.