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Perivascular spaces as a potential biomarker of Alzheimer’s disease
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a highly damaging disease that affects one’s cognition and memory and presents an increasing societal and economic burden globally. Considerable research has gone into understanding AD; however, there is still a lack of effective biomarkers that aid in early diagnosis and...
Autores principales: | , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2022
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9623161/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36330347 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2022.1021131 |
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author | Lynch, Miranda Pham, William Sinclair, Benjamin O’Brien, Terence J. Law, Meng Vivash, Lucy |
author_facet | Lynch, Miranda Pham, William Sinclair, Benjamin O’Brien, Terence J. Law, Meng Vivash, Lucy |
author_sort | Lynch, Miranda |
collection | PubMed |
description | Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a highly damaging disease that affects one’s cognition and memory and presents an increasing societal and economic burden globally. Considerable research has gone into understanding AD; however, there is still a lack of effective biomarkers that aid in early diagnosis and intervention. The recent discovery of the glymphatic system and associated Perivascular Spaces (PVS) has led to the theory that enlarged PVS (ePVS) may be an indicator of AD progression and act as an early diagnostic marker. Visible on Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), PVS appear to enlarge when known biomarkers of AD, amyloid-β and tau, accumulate. The central goal of ePVS and AD research is to determine when ePVS occurs in AD progression and if ePVS are causal or epiphenomena. Furthermore, if ePVS are indeed causative, interventions promoting glymphatic clearance are an attractive target for research. However, it is necessary first to ascertain where on the pathological progression of AD ePVS occurs. This review aims to examine the knowledge gap that exists in understanding the contribution of ePVS to AD. It is essential to understand whether ePVS in the brain correlate with increased regional tau distribution and global or regional Amyloid-β distribution and to determine if these spaces increase proportionally over time as individuals experience neurodegeneration. This review demonstrates that ePVS are associated with reduced glymphatic clearance and that this reduced clearance is associated with an increase in amyloid-β. However, it is not yet understood if ePVS are the outcome or driver of protein accumulation. Further, it is not yet clear if ePVS volume and number change longitudinally. Ultimately, it is vital to determine early diagnostic criteria and early interventions for AD to ease the burden it presents to the world; ePVS may be able to fulfill this role and therefore merit further research. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9623161 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-96231612022-11-02 Perivascular spaces as a potential biomarker of Alzheimer’s disease Lynch, Miranda Pham, William Sinclair, Benjamin O’Brien, Terence J. Law, Meng Vivash, Lucy Front Neurosci Neuroscience Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a highly damaging disease that affects one’s cognition and memory and presents an increasing societal and economic burden globally. Considerable research has gone into understanding AD; however, there is still a lack of effective biomarkers that aid in early diagnosis and intervention. The recent discovery of the glymphatic system and associated Perivascular Spaces (PVS) has led to the theory that enlarged PVS (ePVS) may be an indicator of AD progression and act as an early diagnostic marker. Visible on Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), PVS appear to enlarge when known biomarkers of AD, amyloid-β and tau, accumulate. The central goal of ePVS and AD research is to determine when ePVS occurs in AD progression and if ePVS are causal or epiphenomena. Furthermore, if ePVS are indeed causative, interventions promoting glymphatic clearance are an attractive target for research. However, it is necessary first to ascertain where on the pathological progression of AD ePVS occurs. This review aims to examine the knowledge gap that exists in understanding the contribution of ePVS to AD. It is essential to understand whether ePVS in the brain correlate with increased regional tau distribution and global or regional Amyloid-β distribution and to determine if these spaces increase proportionally over time as individuals experience neurodegeneration. This review demonstrates that ePVS are associated with reduced glymphatic clearance and that this reduced clearance is associated with an increase in amyloid-β. However, it is not yet understood if ePVS are the outcome or driver of protein accumulation. Further, it is not yet clear if ePVS volume and number change longitudinally. Ultimately, it is vital to determine early diagnostic criteria and early interventions for AD to ease the burden it presents to the world; ePVS may be able to fulfill this role and therefore merit further research. Frontiers Media S.A. 2022-10-18 /pmc/articles/PMC9623161/ /pubmed/36330347 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2022.1021131 Text en Copyright © 2022 Lynch, Pham, Sinclair, O’Brien, Law and Vivash. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Neuroscience Lynch, Miranda Pham, William Sinclair, Benjamin O’Brien, Terence J. Law, Meng Vivash, Lucy Perivascular spaces as a potential biomarker of Alzheimer’s disease |
title | Perivascular spaces as a potential biomarker of Alzheimer’s disease |
title_full | Perivascular spaces as a potential biomarker of Alzheimer’s disease |
title_fullStr | Perivascular spaces as a potential biomarker of Alzheimer’s disease |
title_full_unstemmed | Perivascular spaces as a potential biomarker of Alzheimer’s disease |
title_short | Perivascular spaces as a potential biomarker of Alzheimer’s disease |
title_sort | perivascular spaces as a potential biomarker of alzheimer’s disease |
topic | Neuroscience |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9623161/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36330347 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2022.1021131 |
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