Global shockwaves of the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai volcano eruption measured at ground stations

The eruption of the Tonga volcano created globally propagating spherical shockwaves in the atmosphere. Analyses are done to data from two southern U.S. stations of the author sampling at 3–21 s intervals and 189 weather stations at 1–5 min intervals. The shockwaves arrived from two routes in the atmosphere: the shortest spherical arc and the longer spherical arc through the antipole. In most stations, signals up to the 6(th) path of shockwaves were recorded as the waves traveled around the globe multiple times. The speed of shockwaves is estimated to be 309.5 ± 2.9 m/s, consistent with the speed of sound at the top of the troposphere where a waveguide exists. Discussion is made on the post-shockwave ringing of 4–8 min as higher amplitude oscillations above the level of pre-shockwaves background noise. A theoretical wave dispersion is derived which verifies that the spherical shockwave’s phase speed is the same as the speed of sound.