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Transcriptomics–metabolomics joint analysis: New highlight into the triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)
Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) contains various physiologically active substances, including vitamins, polyphenols, flavonoids, phytosterols, and saponins. Research showed that saponins were the protective substances in the outer layer of quinoa seeds to defend against microbes, herbivores, and...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2022
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9627512/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36340365 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.964558 |
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author | Zhao, Yulu Ma, Yucong Li, Jiawei Liu, Bin Liu, Xiaoqing Zhang, Jianheng Zhang, Min Wang, Chunmei Zhang, Liping Lv, Wei Mu, Guojun |
author_facet | Zhao, Yulu Ma, Yucong Li, Jiawei Liu, Bin Liu, Xiaoqing Zhang, Jianheng Zhang, Min Wang, Chunmei Zhang, Liping Lv, Wei Mu, Guojun |
author_sort | Zhao, Yulu |
collection | PubMed |
description | Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) contains various physiologically active substances, including vitamins, polyphenols, flavonoids, phytosterols, and saponins. Research showed that saponins were the protective substances in the outer layer of quinoa seeds to defend against microbes, herbivores, and insects. Because the aglycones of quinoa saponins are triterpenoids, they are called triterpenoid saponins (TSs). In addition, the presence of TS imparted bitterness in quinoa and resulted in anticancer and anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, the seeds of low-saponin quinoa, NT376-2 (N), and high-saponin quinoa, B-12071(B), at 30 and 60 days after flowering (DAF) were used to measure the TS content and evaluated for their transcriptomic and metabolomic profiles. The amounts of TS were found to significantly differ between all possible comparisons: N and B at 30 DAF (N1_vs_B1), N and B at 60 DAF (N2_vs_B2), N at 30 DAF and 60 DAF (N1_vs_N2), and B at 30 DAF and 60 DAF (B1_vs_B2). RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was used to screen differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and revealed 14,703 upregulated DEGs and 26,267 downregulated DEGs in the four comparison groups. The 311 overlapping DEGs found in the four comparisons were used for Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses to screen for DEGs related to TS biosynthesis in quinoa. Metabolomics analysis identified acetyl-CoA, 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl-4-diphosphate, farnesal, and (S)-2,3-epoxysqualene as the key differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs). Transcriptomics–metabolomics joint analysis showed that triterpenoid biosynthesis and terpenoid backbone biosynthesis were the enriched pathways of TS biosynthesis; farnesal were the key DAMs shared in the four comparison groups and associated with 10 key candidate DEGs related to TS biosynthesis in quinoa. These results provided important references for in-depth research on the metabolic mechanism of TS in quinoa. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9627512 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-96275122022-11-03 Transcriptomics–metabolomics joint analysis: New highlight into the triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) Zhao, Yulu Ma, Yucong Li, Jiawei Liu, Bin Liu, Xiaoqing Zhang, Jianheng Zhang, Min Wang, Chunmei Zhang, Liping Lv, Wei Mu, Guojun Front Plant Sci Plant Science Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) contains various physiologically active substances, including vitamins, polyphenols, flavonoids, phytosterols, and saponins. Research showed that saponins were the protective substances in the outer layer of quinoa seeds to defend against microbes, herbivores, and insects. Because the aglycones of quinoa saponins are triterpenoids, they are called triterpenoid saponins (TSs). In addition, the presence of TS imparted bitterness in quinoa and resulted in anticancer and anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, the seeds of low-saponin quinoa, NT376-2 (N), and high-saponin quinoa, B-12071(B), at 30 and 60 days after flowering (DAF) were used to measure the TS content and evaluated for their transcriptomic and metabolomic profiles. The amounts of TS were found to significantly differ between all possible comparisons: N and B at 30 DAF (N1_vs_B1), N and B at 60 DAF (N2_vs_B2), N at 30 DAF and 60 DAF (N1_vs_N2), and B at 30 DAF and 60 DAF (B1_vs_B2). RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was used to screen differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and revealed 14,703 upregulated DEGs and 26,267 downregulated DEGs in the four comparison groups. The 311 overlapping DEGs found in the four comparisons were used for Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses to screen for DEGs related to TS biosynthesis in quinoa. Metabolomics analysis identified acetyl-CoA, 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl-4-diphosphate, farnesal, and (S)-2,3-epoxysqualene as the key differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs). Transcriptomics–metabolomics joint analysis showed that triterpenoid biosynthesis and terpenoid backbone biosynthesis were the enriched pathways of TS biosynthesis; farnesal were the key DAMs shared in the four comparison groups and associated with 10 key candidate DEGs related to TS biosynthesis in quinoa. These results provided important references for in-depth research on the metabolic mechanism of TS in quinoa. Frontiers Media S.A. 2022-10-19 /pmc/articles/PMC9627512/ /pubmed/36340365 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.964558 Text en Copyright © 2022 Zhao, Ma, Li, Liu, Liu, Zhang, Zhang, Wang, Zhang, Lv and Mu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
spellingShingle | Plant Science Zhao, Yulu Ma, Yucong Li, Jiawei Liu, Bin Liu, Xiaoqing Zhang, Jianheng Zhang, Min Wang, Chunmei Zhang, Liping Lv, Wei Mu, Guojun Transcriptomics–metabolomics joint analysis: New highlight into the triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) |
title | Transcriptomics–metabolomics joint analysis: New highlight into the triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) |
title_full | Transcriptomics–metabolomics joint analysis: New highlight into the triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) |
title_fullStr | Transcriptomics–metabolomics joint analysis: New highlight into the triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) |
title_full_unstemmed | Transcriptomics–metabolomics joint analysis: New highlight into the triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) |
title_short | Transcriptomics–metabolomics joint analysis: New highlight into the triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) |
title_sort | transcriptomics–metabolomics joint analysis: new highlight into the triterpenoid saponin biosynthesis in quinoa (chenopodium quinoa willd.) |
topic | Plant Science |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9627512/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36340365 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.964558 |
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