Ageing-resembling phenotype of long-term allogeneic hematopoietic cells recipients compared to their donors

BACKGROUND: Ageing is a complex phenomenon that leads to decreased proliferative activity, loss of function of the cells, and cellular senescence. Senescence of the immune system exacerbates individual’s immune response, both humoral and cellular but increases the frequency of infections. We hypothesized that physiological ageing of adaptive immune system occurs in recipients of allogeneic hematopoietic cells transplant (allo-HCT) at faster rate when compared to their respective donors since the small number of donor cells undergo immense proliferative stress restoring recipients hematopoiesis. We compared molecular characterizations of ageing between recipients and donors of allo-HCT: telomeric length and immunophenotypic changes in main lymphocyte subsets – CD4(+), CD8(+), CD19(+), CD56(+). RESULTS: Median telomeric length (TL) of CD8(+) lymphocytes was significantly longer in donors compared to recipients (on average 2,1 kb and 1,7 kb respectively, p = 0,02). Similar trends were observed for CD4(+) and CD19(+) although the results did not reach statistical significance. We have also found trends in the immunophenotype between recipients and donors in the subpopulations of CD4(+) (naïve and effector memory), CD8(+) Eomes(+) and B-lymphocytes (B1 and B2). Lower infection risk recipients had also a significantly greater percentage of NK cells (22,3%) than high-risk patients (9,3%) p = 0,04. CONCLUSION: Our data do not support the initial hypothesis of accelerated aging in the long term all-HCT recipients with the exception of the recipients lymphocytes (mainly CD8(+)) which present some molecular features, characteristic for physiological ageing (telomeric shortening, immunophenotype) when compared to their respective donors. However, a history of lower infection numbers in HCT recipients seems to be associated with increased percentage of NK cells. The history of GVHD seems not to affect the rate of ageing. Therefore, it is safe to conclude that the observed subtle differences between recipients’ and donors’ cells result mainly from the proliferative stress in the early period after allo-HCT and the difference between hosts’ and recipients’ microenvironments. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12979-022-00308-6.