A step-by-step approach to patients leaving against medical advice (AMA) in the emergency department

OBJECTIVES: Patients leaving against medical advice (AMA) can be distressing for emergency physicians trying to navigate the medical, social, psychological, and legal ramifications of the situation in a fast-paced and chaotic environment. To guide physicians in fulfilling their obligation of care, we aimed to synthesize the best approaches to patients leaving AMA. METHODS: We conducted a scoping review across various fields of work, research context and methodology to synthesize the most relevant strategies for emergency physicians attending patients leaving AMA. We searched Medline, CINAHL, PSYCHO Legal Source, PsycINFO, PsycEXTRA, Psychological and Behavioural Sciences collection, SocIndex and Scopus. Search strategies included controlled vocabulary (i.e., MESH) and keywords relevant to the subject chosen by a team of four people, including two specialized librarians. RESULTS: The literature review included 34 relevant papers about approaches to patients leaving AMA: 8 case presentations, 4 ethical case analyses, 10 legal letters, 4 reviews and 8 original studies. The main identified strategies were prioritizing a patient-centered approach, proposing alternative discharge and reducing harm while properly documenting the encounter. CONCLUSION: A systematic approach to patients leaving AMA could help improve patient care, support physicians and decrease stigmatization of this population. We advocate that emergency physicians should receive training on how to approach patients leaving AMA to limit the impact on this vulnerable population. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s43678-022-00385-y.