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The current Monkeypox outbreak: Updates and concerns
Since 1958 witnessed the detection of Monkeypox virus in monkeys, no human infection was encountered until 1970. Afterwards, zoonotic transmission was the rule near African rainforests, mainly in DRC. Most cases occurred in children who weren’t immunized against smallpox. Since 2003 and the first hu...
Autores principales: | , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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Taibah University
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9629054/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36345424 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtumed.2022.08.001 |
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author | Najeeb, Abdurrahman Eltalkhawy, Youssef M. Reda, Omnia |
author_facet | Najeeb, Abdurrahman Eltalkhawy, Youssef M. Reda, Omnia |
author_sort | Najeeb, Abdurrahman |
collection | PubMed |
description | Since 1958 witnessed the detection of Monkeypox virus in monkeys, no human infection was encountered until 1970. Afterwards, zoonotic transmission was the rule near African rainforests, mainly in DRC. Most cases occurred in children who weren’t immunized against smallpox. Since 2003 and the first human infection in the USA, research was accelerated. Two clades were identified with different virulence, demographic distribution and transmissibility. The mean age of infection increased with waning smallpox vaccine immunity. Mild febrile prodrome can precede lymphadenopathy, which doesn’t occur in smallpox. Homogenous crops of lesions appear in stages until scabs fall and contagiosity ends. However, since May outbreak, cases started to appear in non-endemic areas, human transmission increased and was linked to close sexual contact especially in MSM community. Lesions were found mainly perioral, at genitals and perianal. Newer system for nomenclature was suggested in which there are 3 viral clades and the responsible clade for the outbreak is clade 3 (lineage B.1). About 50 mutations were detected compared with the strains isolated 4 years ago. Gene loss and APOBEC3 may be related to accelerated mutation rate which may accelerate human transmission. Previous mistakes in failure to allocate available vaccines to control the disease in previously endemic areas should be avoided and rapid ring vaccination of potential contacts and those at risk should be a priority. Case isolation, contact isolation or tracing for an incubation period, standard measures for airborne infections and safe sex should be implanted in the light of the current uncertainty. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9629054 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | Taibah University |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-96290542022-11-03 The current Monkeypox outbreak: Updates and concerns Najeeb, Abdurrahman Eltalkhawy, Youssef M. Reda, Omnia J Taibah Univ Med Sci Letter to the Editor Since 1958 witnessed the detection of Monkeypox virus in monkeys, no human infection was encountered until 1970. Afterwards, zoonotic transmission was the rule near African rainforests, mainly in DRC. Most cases occurred in children who weren’t immunized against smallpox. Since 2003 and the first human infection in the USA, research was accelerated. Two clades were identified with different virulence, demographic distribution and transmissibility. The mean age of infection increased with waning smallpox vaccine immunity. Mild febrile prodrome can precede lymphadenopathy, which doesn’t occur in smallpox. Homogenous crops of lesions appear in stages until scabs fall and contagiosity ends. However, since May outbreak, cases started to appear in non-endemic areas, human transmission increased and was linked to close sexual contact especially in MSM community. Lesions were found mainly perioral, at genitals and perianal. Newer system for nomenclature was suggested in which there are 3 viral clades and the responsible clade for the outbreak is clade 3 (lineage B.1). About 50 mutations were detected compared with the strains isolated 4 years ago. Gene loss and APOBEC3 may be related to accelerated mutation rate which may accelerate human transmission. Previous mistakes in failure to allocate available vaccines to control the disease in previously endemic areas should be avoided and rapid ring vaccination of potential contacts and those at risk should be a priority. Case isolation, contact isolation or tracing for an incubation period, standard measures for airborne infections and safe sex should be implanted in the light of the current uncertainty. Taibah University 2022-08-26 /pmc/articles/PMC9629054/ /pubmed/36345424 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtumed.2022.08.001 Text en © 2022 [The Author/The Authors] https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Letter to the Editor Najeeb, Abdurrahman Eltalkhawy, Youssef M. Reda, Omnia The current Monkeypox outbreak: Updates and concerns |
title | The current Monkeypox outbreak: Updates and concerns |
title_full | The current Monkeypox outbreak: Updates and concerns |
title_fullStr | The current Monkeypox outbreak: Updates and concerns |
title_full_unstemmed | The current Monkeypox outbreak: Updates and concerns |
title_short | The current Monkeypox outbreak: Updates and concerns |
title_sort | current monkeypox outbreak: updates and concerns |
topic | Letter to the Editor |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9629054/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36345424 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtumed.2022.08.001 |
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