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Microglia in Circumventricular Organs: The Pineal Gland Example
The circumventricular organs (CVOs) are unique areas within the central nervous system. They serve as a portal for the rest of the body and, as such, lack a blood-brain barrier. Microglia are the primary resident immune cells of the brain parenchyma. Within the CVOs, microglial cells find themselves...
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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SAGE Publications
2022
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9629557/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36317305 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17590914221135697 |
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author | Muñoz, Estela M. |
author_facet | Muñoz, Estela M. |
author_sort | Muñoz, Estela M. |
collection | PubMed |
description | The circumventricular organs (CVOs) are unique areas within the central nervous system. They serve as a portal for the rest of the body and, as such, lack a blood-brain barrier. Microglia are the primary resident immune cells of the brain parenchyma. Within the CVOs, microglial cells find themselves continuously challenged and stimulated by local and systemic stimuli, even under steady-state conditions. Therefore, CVO microglia in their typical state often resemble the activated microglial forms found elsewhere in the brain as they are responding to pathological conditions or other stressors. In this review, I focus on the dynamics of CVO microglia, using the pineal gland as a specific CVO example. Data related to microglia heterogeneity in both homeostatic and unhealthy environments are presented and discussed, including those recently generated by using advanced single-cell and single-nucleus technology. Finally, perspectives in the CVO microglia field are also included. Summary Statement Microglia in circumventricular organs (CVOs) continuously adapt to react differentially to the diverse challenges they face. Herein, I discuss microglia heterogeneity in CVOs, including pineal gland. Further studies are needed to better understand microglia dynamics in these unique brain areas. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9629557 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | SAGE Publications |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-96295572022-11-03 Microglia in Circumventricular Organs: The Pineal Gland Example Muñoz, Estela M. ASN Neuro The Role of Glial Cells in the Nervous System in Health and Disease The circumventricular organs (CVOs) are unique areas within the central nervous system. They serve as a portal for the rest of the body and, as such, lack a blood-brain barrier. Microglia are the primary resident immune cells of the brain parenchyma. Within the CVOs, microglial cells find themselves continuously challenged and stimulated by local and systemic stimuli, even under steady-state conditions. Therefore, CVO microglia in their typical state often resemble the activated microglial forms found elsewhere in the brain as they are responding to pathological conditions or other stressors. In this review, I focus on the dynamics of CVO microglia, using the pineal gland as a specific CVO example. Data related to microglia heterogeneity in both homeostatic and unhealthy environments are presented and discussed, including those recently generated by using advanced single-cell and single-nucleus technology. Finally, perspectives in the CVO microglia field are also included. Summary Statement Microglia in circumventricular organs (CVOs) continuously adapt to react differentially to the diverse challenges they face. Herein, I discuss microglia heterogeneity in CVOs, including pineal gland. Further studies are needed to better understand microglia dynamics in these unique brain areas. SAGE Publications 2022-10-31 /pmc/articles/PMC9629557/ /pubmed/36317305 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17590914221135697 Text en © The Author(s) 2022 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access page (https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage). |
spellingShingle | The Role of Glial Cells in the Nervous System in Health and Disease Muñoz, Estela M. Microglia in Circumventricular Organs: The Pineal Gland Example |
title | Microglia in Circumventricular Organs: The Pineal Gland Example |
title_full | Microglia in Circumventricular Organs: The Pineal Gland Example |
title_fullStr | Microglia in Circumventricular Organs: The Pineal Gland Example |
title_full_unstemmed | Microglia in Circumventricular Organs: The Pineal Gland Example |
title_short | Microglia in Circumventricular Organs: The Pineal Gland Example |
title_sort | microglia in circumventricular organs: the pineal gland example |
topic | The Role of Glial Cells in the Nervous System in Health and Disease |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9629557/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36317305 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17590914221135697 |
work_keys_str_mv | AT munozestelam microgliaincircumventricularorgansthepinealglandexample |