Racial Disparities in Donor Human Milk Feedings: A Study Using Electronic Medical Records

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to evaluate differences in the use of pasteurized donor human milk (PDHM) by maternal race–ethnicity during postpartum hospitalization using electronic medical records (EMRs). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective cohort study of all live-born infants at our academic research institution from July 1, 2014, to June 30, 2016, was conducted. EMR data were used to determine whether each infant received mother's own milk (MOM), PDHM, or formula. These data were stratified based on whether the infant received treatment in the Neonatal Critical Care Center. Generalized estimating equation models were used to calculate the odds of receiving PDHM by maternal race–ethnicity, adjusting for gestational age, birth weight, insurance, preferred language, nulliparity, and mode of delivery. RESULTS: Infant feeding data were available for 7097 infants, of whom 49% were fed only MOM during their postpartum hospitalization. Among the 15.9% of infants admitted to neonatal critical care, infants of non-Hispanic Black (odds ratio [OR] 0.47, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.31–0.72), Hispanic (OR 0.65, 95% CI 0.36–1019), and Other (OR 0.63, 95% CI 0.32–1.26) mothers had lower rates of PDHM feedings than infants of non-Hispanic White mothers in the adjusted models. Among well infants, the use of PDHM was lower among non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic mothers (OR 0.25, 95% CI 0.18–0.36, and OR 0.38, 95% CI 0.26–0.56) compared with non-Hispanic White mothers. CONCLUSIONS: Inequities in exclusive human milk feeding and use of PDHM by maternal race–ethnicity were identified. Antiracist interventions are needed to promote equitable access to skilled lactation support and counseling for PDHM use.