Nitrogen fertilization and CO(2) concentration synergistically affect the growth and protein content of Agropyron mongolicum

BACKGROUND: The nitrogen (N) and protein concentrations in plant tissues exposed to elevated CO(2) (eCO(2)) generally decline , such declines in forage grass composition are expected to have negative implications for the nutritional and economic value of grass. Plants require N for the production of a photosynthetically active canopy and storage proteins in the tissues, whose functionality will strongly influence productivity and quality. The objective of this study was to investigate whether eCO(2) plus N-fertilization increases growth and N nutrition of Agropyron mongolicum, and the dependence of this improvement on the coordination between root and leaf development. METHODS: We analyzed A. mongolicum from field-grown within the open-top chambers (OTCs) facility under two atmospheric CO(2) (ambient, 400 ± 20 µmol mol(−1), aCO(2), and elevated, 800 ± 20 µmol mol(−1), eCO(2)) and three N-fertigation treatments (control, low N-fertigation , and high N-fertigation) for two months. RESULTS: Elevated CO(2) plus N-fertigation strongly increased shoot and root biomass, and the nitrogen and protein concentrations of A. mongolicum compared to those plants at aCO(2) levels. Increased N content in leaves and reduced specific leaf area (SLA) at a high N supply could alleviate photosynthetic acclimation to eCO(2) and drive the production of greater shoot biomass with the potential for higher photosynthesis, productivity, and nutritional quality. The increased root length (RL), the ratio of total aboveground N taken up per RL (TN/RL), stomatal conductance (Gs), and transpiration rate (Tr) contribute to the transpiration-driven mass flow of N, consequently increasing N uptake by roots. In addition, a smaller percentage of N remained as unassimilated nitrate ([Image: see text] ) under eCO(2), indicating that assimilation of [Image: see text] into proteins was not inhibited by eCO(2). These findings imply that grass productivity and quality will enhance under anticipated elevated CO(2) concentration when effective management measures of N-fertilization are employed.