Patterns of Traumatic Spinal Injuries in the Developing World: A Five-Year Longitudinal Review

STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective review. PURPOSE: A 5-year longitudinal study documenting and comparing patterns of traumatic spinal injuries (TSIs) observed in developing countries. OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE: Current knowledge of the patterns and epidemiology of TSI are based on evidence from developed countries and there is a lack of data from developing countries to enable a comparison of information to formulate healthcare policies. METHODS: A review of case records of all patients treated at a tertiary level trauma center over a 5-year period (2015–2019) was performed. Epidemiological, clinical, and radiological data were analyzed. RESULTS: The incidence of spinal trauma was 6.2% (2,065/33,072) among all trauma patients. Among these 2,065 patients, the mean age was 43.4±16.3 years and 77.3% (n=1,596) were aged 21–60 years. The major cause of injury was falls (52.1%, n=1,069) and 49.8% were high-energy falls (>10 feet [=3.048 m]). In patients with TSI due to falls, injuries occurred at the workplace (n=376), home (n=309), trees (n=151), wells (n=77), and electric poles (n=57). Road traffic accidents contributed to 42% (n=862) of TSIs and predominantly affected motorcyclists (52%, n=467). Around half (53.5%, n=1,005) of all patients were in the lower socioeconomic strata. The most common injury level was thoracic region (37.2%, n=769). Spinal cord injury (SCI) occurred in 49% (n=1,011) of patients and 49.7% (n=1,028) had injuries associated with other organs. CONCLUSIONS: Our study indicated different demographic patterns and epidemiological features of TSI compared with the Western literature, including a preponderance of young male patients, falls from heights, motorcycle accidents, and a larger percentage of SCI. The high number of falls at workplace indicates a lack of knowledge among the public and policy makers about safety measures.