CO(2) enrichment in greenhouse production: Towards a sustainable approach

As the unique source of carbon in the atmosphere, carbon dioxide (CO(2)) exerts a strong impact on crop yield and quality. However, CO(2) deficiency in greenhouses during the daytime often limits crop productivity. Crucially, climate warming, caused by increased atmospheric CO(2), urges global efforts to implement carbon reduction and neutrality, which also bring challenges to current CO(2) enrichment systems applied in greenhouses. Thus, there is a timely need to develop cost-effective and environmentally friendly CO(2) enrichment technologies as a sustainable approach to promoting agricultural production and alleviating environmental burdens simultaneously. Here we review several common technologies of CO(2) enrichment in greenhouse production, and their characteristics and limitations. Some control strategies of CO(2) enrichment in distribution, period, and concentration are also discussed. We further introduce promising directions for future CO(2) enrichment including 1) agro-industrial symbiosis system (AIS); 2) interdisciplinary application of carbon capture and utilization (CCU); and 3) optimization of CO(2) assimilation in C(3) crops via biotechnologies. This review aims to provide perspectives on efficient CO(2) utilization in greenhouse production.