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Mortality after release from incarceration in New Zealand by gender: A national record linkage study
BACKGROUND: People who enter and leave places of incarceration experience considerable health inequities and are at increased risk of premature death compared to the general population. Causes of premature death in this population vary markedly between countries and so country-specific information i...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Elsevier
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9638823/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36353095 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101274 |
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author | Cunningham, Ruth King, Paula Toko Telfer, Kendra Crengle, Sue Carr, Julia Stanley, James Gibb, Sheree Robson, Bridget |
author_facet | Cunningham, Ruth King, Paula Toko Telfer, Kendra Crengle, Sue Carr, Julia Stanley, James Gibb, Sheree Robson, Bridget |
author_sort | Cunningham, Ruth |
collection | PubMed |
description | BACKGROUND: People who enter and leave places of incarceration experience considerable health inequities and are at increased risk of premature death compared to the general population. Causes of premature death in this population vary markedly between countries and so country-specific information is needed. Additionally, there is a lack of large population-based studies which can disaggregate mortality risk based on person and incarceration factors. This study is the first examination of mortality in the period following release from incarceration in New Zealand. METHODS: We linked deidentified administrative data on incarceration and release between 1 January 1998 and 31 December 2016 with national mortality data for the same period to examine mortality after release in those who had been incarcerated for at least 1 day. Age standardised mortality rates and mortality ratios compared to the general New Zealand population were calculated separately for men and women, for releases from remand compared with prison, and by cause of death and time since release. RESULTS: 90,195 individuals (13% women, 49% Māori) were followed up for 9.4 years after release from incarceration, with 4,764 deaths over the follow-up period. The overall standardised mortality ratio was 3.3 (95% CI 3.2, 3.4) compared to the general population, and higher for women (3.8) than men (2.7). The most common causes of death were cardiovascular disease, cancer and suicide. Rates of death were similar following release from remand versus prison, however suicide rates were highest following release from remand. Regardless of the type of incarceration, mortality was highest in the first month after release. CONCLUSION: Experience of incarceration in New Zealand is associated with high rates of mortality from both chronic conditions and external causes. There are urgent policy imperatives to recognise and actively address the increased health and mortality risks faced by people released from New Zealand prisons. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9638823 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | Elsevier |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-96388232022-11-08 Mortality after release from incarceration in New Zealand by gender: A national record linkage study Cunningham, Ruth King, Paula Toko Telfer, Kendra Crengle, Sue Carr, Julia Stanley, James Gibb, Sheree Robson, Bridget SSM Popul Health Regular Article BACKGROUND: People who enter and leave places of incarceration experience considerable health inequities and are at increased risk of premature death compared to the general population. Causes of premature death in this population vary markedly between countries and so country-specific information is needed. Additionally, there is a lack of large population-based studies which can disaggregate mortality risk based on person and incarceration factors. This study is the first examination of mortality in the period following release from incarceration in New Zealand. METHODS: We linked deidentified administrative data on incarceration and release between 1 January 1998 and 31 December 2016 with national mortality data for the same period to examine mortality after release in those who had been incarcerated for at least 1 day. Age standardised mortality rates and mortality ratios compared to the general New Zealand population were calculated separately for men and women, for releases from remand compared with prison, and by cause of death and time since release. RESULTS: 90,195 individuals (13% women, 49% Māori) were followed up for 9.4 years after release from incarceration, with 4,764 deaths over the follow-up period. The overall standardised mortality ratio was 3.3 (95% CI 3.2, 3.4) compared to the general population, and higher for women (3.8) than men (2.7). The most common causes of death were cardiovascular disease, cancer and suicide. Rates of death were similar following release from remand versus prison, however suicide rates were highest following release from remand. Regardless of the type of incarceration, mortality was highest in the first month after release. CONCLUSION: Experience of incarceration in New Zealand is associated with high rates of mortality from both chronic conditions and external causes. There are urgent policy imperatives to recognise and actively address the increased health and mortality risks faced by people released from New Zealand prisons. Elsevier 2022-11-01 /pmc/articles/PMC9638823/ /pubmed/36353095 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101274 Text en © 2022 The Authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Regular Article Cunningham, Ruth King, Paula Toko Telfer, Kendra Crengle, Sue Carr, Julia Stanley, James Gibb, Sheree Robson, Bridget Mortality after release from incarceration in New Zealand by gender: A national record linkage study |
title | Mortality after release from incarceration in New Zealand by gender: A national record linkage study |
title_full | Mortality after release from incarceration in New Zealand by gender: A national record linkage study |
title_fullStr | Mortality after release from incarceration in New Zealand by gender: A national record linkage study |
title_full_unstemmed | Mortality after release from incarceration in New Zealand by gender: A national record linkage study |
title_short | Mortality after release from incarceration in New Zealand by gender: A national record linkage study |
title_sort | mortality after release from incarceration in new zealand by gender: a national record linkage study |
topic | Regular Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9638823/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36353095 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101274 |
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