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Whey protein hydrolysate mitigates both inflammation and endotoxin tolerance in THP‐1 human monocytic leukemia cells
INTRODUCTION: It is important to control both inflammation and immunosuppression after severe insults, such as sepsis, trauma, and surgery. Endotoxin tolerance is one of the immunosuppressive conditions and it has been known that endotoxin tolerance relates to poorer clinical outcomes in patients wi...
Autores principales: | , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
John Wiley and Sons Inc.
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9639455/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36444621 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/iid3.737 |
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author | Ishikawa, Fuka Matsubara, Takeshi Koyama, Takahiro Iwamoto, Hiroshi Miyaji, Kazuhiro |
author_facet | Ishikawa, Fuka Matsubara, Takeshi Koyama, Takahiro Iwamoto, Hiroshi Miyaji, Kazuhiro |
author_sort | Ishikawa, Fuka |
collection | PubMed |
description | INTRODUCTION: It is important to control both inflammation and immunosuppression after severe insults, such as sepsis, trauma, and surgery. Endotoxin tolerance is one of the immunosuppressive conditions and it has been known that endotoxin tolerance relates to poorer clinical outcomes in patients with severe insults. This study investigated whether whey protein hydrolysate (WPH) mitigates inflammation and endotoxin tolerance in THP‐1 human monocytic leukemia cells. METHODS: Endotoxin tolerance can be experimentally reproduced by two consecutive stimulations with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). THP‐1 cells were incubated with LPS and WPH (first stimulation). After collecting the culture supernatant to evaluate the effect on inflammation, the cells were washed and restimulated by 100 ng/ml LPS (second stimulation). The culture supernatant was again collected to evaluate the effect on endotoxin tolerance. Concentrations of LPS and WPH in the first stimulation were adjusted to evaluate their dose dependency. Cytokine levels in the supernatant were determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Statistical analysis was performed using the student's t‐test or Dunnett's test. RESULTS: Five mg/ml WPH significantly decreased interleukin (IL)‐6 (p = .006) and IL‐10 (p < .001) levels after the first LPS stimulation (1000 ng/ml). WPH significantly increased tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (p < .001) and IL‐10 (p = .014) levels after the second LPS stimulation. The suppressive effect of WPH on inflammation and endotoxin tolerance was dependent on the concentrations of LPS and WPH. The effective dose of WPH for endotoxin tolerance was lower than its effective dose for inflammation. CONCLUSION: WPH mitigated both inflammation and endotoxin tolerance. Therefore, WPH might be a candidate for valuable food ingredients to control both inflammation and immunosuppression after severe insults. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9639455 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | John Wiley and Sons Inc. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-96394552022-11-14 Whey protein hydrolysate mitigates both inflammation and endotoxin tolerance in THP‐1 human monocytic leukemia cells Ishikawa, Fuka Matsubara, Takeshi Koyama, Takahiro Iwamoto, Hiroshi Miyaji, Kazuhiro Immun Inflamm Dis Original Articles INTRODUCTION: It is important to control both inflammation and immunosuppression after severe insults, such as sepsis, trauma, and surgery. Endotoxin tolerance is one of the immunosuppressive conditions and it has been known that endotoxin tolerance relates to poorer clinical outcomes in patients with severe insults. This study investigated whether whey protein hydrolysate (WPH) mitigates inflammation and endotoxin tolerance in THP‐1 human monocytic leukemia cells. METHODS: Endotoxin tolerance can be experimentally reproduced by two consecutive stimulations with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). THP‐1 cells were incubated with LPS and WPH (first stimulation). After collecting the culture supernatant to evaluate the effect on inflammation, the cells were washed and restimulated by 100 ng/ml LPS (second stimulation). The culture supernatant was again collected to evaluate the effect on endotoxin tolerance. Concentrations of LPS and WPH in the first stimulation were adjusted to evaluate their dose dependency. Cytokine levels in the supernatant were determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Statistical analysis was performed using the student's t‐test or Dunnett's test. RESULTS: Five mg/ml WPH significantly decreased interleukin (IL)‐6 (p = .006) and IL‐10 (p < .001) levels after the first LPS stimulation (1000 ng/ml). WPH significantly increased tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (p < .001) and IL‐10 (p = .014) levels after the second LPS stimulation. The suppressive effect of WPH on inflammation and endotoxin tolerance was dependent on the concentrations of LPS and WPH. The effective dose of WPH for endotoxin tolerance was lower than its effective dose for inflammation. CONCLUSION: WPH mitigated both inflammation and endotoxin tolerance. Therefore, WPH might be a candidate for valuable food ingredients to control both inflammation and immunosuppression after severe insults. John Wiley and Sons Inc. 2022-11-07 /pmc/articles/PMC9639455/ /pubmed/36444621 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/iid3.737 Text en © 2022 The Authors. Immunity, Inflammation and Disease published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. |
spellingShingle | Original Articles Ishikawa, Fuka Matsubara, Takeshi Koyama, Takahiro Iwamoto, Hiroshi Miyaji, Kazuhiro Whey protein hydrolysate mitigates both inflammation and endotoxin tolerance in THP‐1 human monocytic leukemia cells |
title | Whey protein hydrolysate mitigates both inflammation and endotoxin tolerance in THP‐1 human monocytic leukemia cells |
title_full | Whey protein hydrolysate mitigates both inflammation and endotoxin tolerance in THP‐1 human monocytic leukemia cells |
title_fullStr | Whey protein hydrolysate mitigates both inflammation and endotoxin tolerance in THP‐1 human monocytic leukemia cells |
title_full_unstemmed | Whey protein hydrolysate mitigates both inflammation and endotoxin tolerance in THP‐1 human monocytic leukemia cells |
title_short | Whey protein hydrolysate mitigates both inflammation and endotoxin tolerance in THP‐1 human monocytic leukemia cells |
title_sort | whey protein hydrolysate mitigates both inflammation and endotoxin tolerance in thp‐1 human monocytic leukemia cells |
topic | Original Articles |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9639455/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36444621 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/iid3.737 |
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