BIOMARKERS OF CYTOKINE STORM AND INFLAMMATION IN SEPSIS, POST-COVID-19 PATIENTS AND COVID-19 VACCINATED INDIVIDUALS

INTRODUCTION: COVID-19 is associated with changes in biomarkers of inflammation and cytokine storm compared with sepsis. METHODS: 39 patients with sepsis (21 men and 18 women, age 57.2±20.2 years; blood was taken on 3-4 days from the diagnosis sepsis), 20 patients who had undergone the COVID-19 infection (10 men and 10 women, age 37.6±17.0 years, 124.9±27.5 days after the first symptoms) and 22 patients who were vaccinated with Sputnik-V (8 men and 14 women, age 53.3±12.8 years, 38.5±2.6 days after the first vaccination) were assessed. Procalcitonin, sCD14, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, sTREM-1, sWNT5a, sLBP, sTNFα and sTNFβ were measured in serum in duplicate by ELISA. RESULTS: A significant increase in the level of procalcitonin, sLBP, sCD14, IL-6, IL-8 and IL-10 was found in patients with bacterial sepsis compared with patients who underwent Covid-19 infection or were Sputnik-V vaccinated (p<0.0001). Levels of sTREM-1, sWnt5a, TNFα and TNFβ in patients with sepsis, demonstrated no significant change in indicators compared with patients who underwent Covid-19 infection or were Sputnik-V vaccinated. There was a decrease in the concentration of sCD14, sLBP and an increase in procalcitonin in the serum of vaccinated individuals compared with those who had had an infection (p <0.05). High levels of sTREM-1 were seen in patients who have undergone COVID-19 and vaccinated individuals. CONCLUSIONS: Levels of sTREM-1 can serve as both a marker of the immune response and a marker of the prognosis of recovery from COVID-19.