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Fifty-year change in air pollution in Kaohsiung, Taiwan

The change in air quality in cities can be the product of regulation and emissions. Regulations require enforcement of emission reduction, but it is often shifting economic and societal structures that influence pollutant emissions. This study examines the long-term record of air pollutants in Kaohs...

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Autores principales: Lee, Chiu-Hsuan, Brimblecombe, Peter, Lee, Chon-Lin
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Springer Berlin Heidelberg 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9646597/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35781652
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-21756-z
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author Lee, Chiu-Hsuan
Brimblecombe, Peter
Lee, Chon-Lin
author_facet Lee, Chiu-Hsuan
Brimblecombe, Peter
Lee, Chon-Lin
author_sort Lee, Chiu-Hsuan
collection PubMed
description The change in air quality in cities can be the product of regulation and emissions. Regulations require enforcement of emission reduction, but it is often shifting economic and societal structures that influence pollutant emissions. This study examines the long-term record of air pollutants in Kaohsiung, where post-war industrialisation increased pollution substantially, although improvements are observed in recent decades as the city moved to a more mixed economy. The study tracks both gases and particles across a period of significant change in pollution sources in the city. Concentrations of SO(2) and aerosol SO(4)(2−) were especially high ~1970, but these gradually declined, although SO(4)(2−) to a lesser extent than its precursor, SO(2). While twenty-first century emissions of SO(2) and NO(x) have declined, this has been less so for NH(3), because it arises from predominantly agricultural sources. The atmosphere in Kaohsiung continues to have high concentrations of O(3), and these have risen in the city, likely a product of less titration by NO. The changes have meant that ozone has become an increasing threat to health and agriculture. Despite a potential for producing (NH(4))(2)SO(4) and NH(4)NO(3) aerosols, a product of a relatively constant supply of NH(3), visibility has improved in recent years. Emissions of SO(2) and NO(x) should continue to be reduced, as these strongly affect the amount of fine secondary aerosol. However, the key problem may be ozone, which is difficult to control as it requires careful consideration of the balance of NO(x) and hydrocarbons so important to its production. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11356-022-21756-z.
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spelling pubmed-96465972022-11-15 Fifty-year change in air pollution in Kaohsiung, Taiwan Lee, Chiu-Hsuan Brimblecombe, Peter Lee, Chon-Lin Environ Sci Pollut Res Int Research Article The change in air quality in cities can be the product of regulation and emissions. Regulations require enforcement of emission reduction, but it is often shifting economic and societal structures that influence pollutant emissions. This study examines the long-term record of air pollutants in Kaohsiung, where post-war industrialisation increased pollution substantially, although improvements are observed in recent decades as the city moved to a more mixed economy. The study tracks both gases and particles across a period of significant change in pollution sources in the city. Concentrations of SO(2) and aerosol SO(4)(2−) were especially high ~1970, but these gradually declined, although SO(4)(2−) to a lesser extent than its precursor, SO(2). While twenty-first century emissions of SO(2) and NO(x) have declined, this has been less so for NH(3), because it arises from predominantly agricultural sources. The atmosphere in Kaohsiung continues to have high concentrations of O(3), and these have risen in the city, likely a product of less titration by NO. The changes have meant that ozone has become an increasing threat to health and agriculture. Despite a potential for producing (NH(4))(2)SO(4) and NH(4)NO(3) aerosols, a product of a relatively constant supply of NH(3), visibility has improved in recent years. Emissions of SO(2) and NO(x) should continue to be reduced, as these strongly affect the amount of fine secondary aerosol. However, the key problem may be ozone, which is difficult to control as it requires careful consideration of the balance of NO(x) and hydrocarbons so important to its production. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11356-022-21756-z. Springer Berlin Heidelberg 2022-07-04 2022 /pmc/articles/PMC9646597/ /pubmed/35781652 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-21756-z Text en © The Author(s) 2022 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) .
spellingShingle Research Article
Lee, Chiu-Hsuan
Brimblecombe, Peter
Lee, Chon-Lin
Fifty-year change in air pollution in Kaohsiung, Taiwan
title Fifty-year change in air pollution in Kaohsiung, Taiwan
title_full Fifty-year change in air pollution in Kaohsiung, Taiwan
title_fullStr Fifty-year change in air pollution in Kaohsiung, Taiwan
title_full_unstemmed Fifty-year change in air pollution in Kaohsiung, Taiwan
title_short Fifty-year change in air pollution in Kaohsiung, Taiwan
title_sort fifty-year change in air pollution in kaohsiung, taiwan
topic Research Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9646597/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35781652
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-21756-z
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