Dynamic Immune Profile in French Toxoplasmosis Patients

BACKGROUND: Toxoplasma gondii infection is usually benign in Europe due to the strong predominance of type II strains. Few studies have been conducted to examine the immunological course of infection in humans and have yielded conflicting results, maybe influenced by heterogeneous parasite strains. METHODS: We measured 23 immune mediators in 39, 40, and 29 sera of French noninfected, acutely infected, and chronically infected immunocompetent pregnant women, respectively. RESULTS: Four different cytokine patterns were identified regarding their dynamics through infection phases. For 11 of the cytokines (IFN-β, IFN-γ, IL-4, IL5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, IL-15, CXCL9, CCL2, and CSF2) the serum levels were significantly elevated during acute infection. The inflammatory mediators IL-1β, IL-17A, IL-18, TNF-α, and CSF3 remained unchanged during acute infection, while they were significantly lower in chronically infected compared to noninfected patients. As for the anti-inflammatory cytokines TGF-β and CCL5, their levels remained significantly elevated during chronic infection. We also observed a significant negative correlation of several cytokine concentrations with IgG levels, indicating a rapid decline of serum concentrations during the acute phase. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate an anti-inflammatory pattern in chronically infected patients in a type II dominated setting and demonstrate the highly dynamic immune situation during acute infection.