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Surprising effects of cascading higher order interactions
Most species are embedded in multi-interaction networks. Consequently, theories focusing on simple pair-wise interactions cannot predict ecological and/or evolutionary outcomes. This study explores how cascading higher-order interactions (HOIs) would affect the population dynamics of a focal species...
Autores principales: | , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Nature Publishing Group UK
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9653485/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36371593 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-23763-z |
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author | Hsieh, Hsun-Yi Vandermeer, John Perfecto, Ivette |
author_facet | Hsieh, Hsun-Yi Vandermeer, John Perfecto, Ivette |
author_sort | Hsieh, Hsun-Yi |
collection | PubMed |
description | Most species are embedded in multi-interaction networks. Consequently, theories focusing on simple pair-wise interactions cannot predict ecological and/or evolutionary outcomes. This study explores how cascading higher-order interactions (HOIs) would affect the population dynamics of a focal species. Employing a system that involves a myrmecophylic beetle, a parasitic wasp that attacks the beetle, an ant, and a parasitic fly that attacks the ant, the study explores how none, one, and two HOIs affect the parasitism and the sex ratio of the beetle. We conducted mesocosm experiments to examine these HOIs on beetle survival and sex ratio and found that the 1st degree HOI does not change the beetle’s survival rate or sex ratio. However, the 2nd degree HOI significantly reduces the beetle’s survival rate and changes its sex ratio from even to strongly female-biased. We applied Bayes’ theorem to analyze the per capita survival probability of female vs. male beetles and suggested that the unexpected results might arise from complex eco-evolutionary dynamics involved with the 1st and 2nd degree HOIs. Field data suggested the HOIs significantly regulate the sex ratio of the beetle. As the same structure of HOIs appears in other systems, we believe the complexity associated with the 2nd degree HOI would be more common than known and deserve more scientific attention. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9653485 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | Nature Publishing Group UK |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-96534852022-11-15 Surprising effects of cascading higher order interactions Hsieh, Hsun-Yi Vandermeer, John Perfecto, Ivette Sci Rep Article Most species are embedded in multi-interaction networks. Consequently, theories focusing on simple pair-wise interactions cannot predict ecological and/or evolutionary outcomes. This study explores how cascading higher-order interactions (HOIs) would affect the population dynamics of a focal species. Employing a system that involves a myrmecophylic beetle, a parasitic wasp that attacks the beetle, an ant, and a parasitic fly that attacks the ant, the study explores how none, one, and two HOIs affect the parasitism and the sex ratio of the beetle. We conducted mesocosm experiments to examine these HOIs on beetle survival and sex ratio and found that the 1st degree HOI does not change the beetle’s survival rate or sex ratio. However, the 2nd degree HOI significantly reduces the beetle’s survival rate and changes its sex ratio from even to strongly female-biased. We applied Bayes’ theorem to analyze the per capita survival probability of female vs. male beetles and suggested that the unexpected results might arise from complex eco-evolutionary dynamics involved with the 1st and 2nd degree HOIs. Field data suggested the HOIs significantly regulate the sex ratio of the beetle. As the same structure of HOIs appears in other systems, we believe the complexity associated with the 2nd degree HOI would be more common than known and deserve more scientific attention. Nature Publishing Group UK 2022-11-12 /pmc/articles/PMC9653485/ /pubmed/36371593 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-23763-z Text en © The Author(s) 2022 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) . |
spellingShingle | Article Hsieh, Hsun-Yi Vandermeer, John Perfecto, Ivette Surprising effects of cascading higher order interactions |
title | Surprising effects of cascading higher order interactions |
title_full | Surprising effects of cascading higher order interactions |
title_fullStr | Surprising effects of cascading higher order interactions |
title_full_unstemmed | Surprising effects of cascading higher order interactions |
title_short | Surprising effects of cascading higher order interactions |
title_sort | surprising effects of cascading higher order interactions |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9653485/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36371593 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-23763-z |
work_keys_str_mv | AT hsiehhsunyi surprisingeffectsofcascadinghigherorderinteractions AT vandermeerjohn surprisingeffectsofcascadinghigherorderinteractions AT perfectoivette surprisingeffectsofcascadinghigherorderinteractions |