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Estimation and Classification of NLFM Signals Based on the Time–Chirp Representation
A new approach to the estimation and classification of nonlinear frequency modulated (NLFM) signals is presented in the paper. These problems are crucial in electronic reconnaissance systems whose role is to indicate what signals are being received and recognized by the intercepting receiver. NLFM s...
Autores principales: | , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9653727/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36365802 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22218104 |
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author | Swiercz, Ewa Janczak, Dariusz Konopko, Krzysztof |
author_facet | Swiercz, Ewa Janczak, Dariusz Konopko, Krzysztof |
author_sort | Swiercz, Ewa |
collection | PubMed |
description | A new approach to the estimation and classification of nonlinear frequency modulated (NLFM) signals is presented in the paper. These problems are crucial in electronic reconnaissance systems whose role is to indicate what signals are being received and recognized by the intercepting receiver. NLFM signals offer a variety of useful properties not available for signals with linear frequency modulation (LFM). In particular, NLFM signals can ensure the desired reduction of sidelobes of an autocorrelation (AC) function and desired power spectral density (PSD); therefore, such signals are more frequently used in modern radar and echolocation systems. Due to their nonlinear properties, the discussed signals are difficult to recognize and therefore require sophisticated methods of analysis, estimation and classification. NLFM signals with frequency content varying with time are mainly analyzed by time–frequency algorithms. However, the methods presented in the paper belong to time–chirp domain, which is relatively rarely cited in the literature. It is proposed to use polynomial approximations of nonlinear frequency and phase functions describing signals. This allows for applying the cubic phase function (CPF) as an estimator of phase polynomial coefficients. Originally, the CPF involved only third-order nonlinearities of the phase function. The extension of the CPF using nonuniform sampling is used to analyse the higher order polynomial phase. In this paper, a sixth order polynomial is considered. It is proposed to estimate the instantaneous frequency using a polynomial with coefficients calculated from the coefficients of the phase polynomial obtained by CPF. The determined coefficients also constitute the set of distinctive features for a classification task. The proposed CPF-based classification method was examined for three common NLFM signals and one LFM signal. Two types of neural network classifiers: learning vector quantization (LVQ) and multilayer perceptron (MLP) are considered for such defined classification problem. The performance of both the estimation and classification processes was analyzed using Monte Carlo simulation studies for different SNRs. The results of the simulation research revealed good estimation performance and error-free classification for the SNR range encountered in practical applications. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9653727 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-96537272022-11-15 Estimation and Classification of NLFM Signals Based on the Time–Chirp Representation Swiercz, Ewa Janczak, Dariusz Konopko, Krzysztof Sensors (Basel) Article A new approach to the estimation and classification of nonlinear frequency modulated (NLFM) signals is presented in the paper. These problems are crucial in electronic reconnaissance systems whose role is to indicate what signals are being received and recognized by the intercepting receiver. NLFM signals offer a variety of useful properties not available for signals with linear frequency modulation (LFM). In particular, NLFM signals can ensure the desired reduction of sidelobes of an autocorrelation (AC) function and desired power spectral density (PSD); therefore, such signals are more frequently used in modern radar and echolocation systems. Due to their nonlinear properties, the discussed signals are difficult to recognize and therefore require sophisticated methods of analysis, estimation and classification. NLFM signals with frequency content varying with time are mainly analyzed by time–frequency algorithms. However, the methods presented in the paper belong to time–chirp domain, which is relatively rarely cited in the literature. It is proposed to use polynomial approximations of nonlinear frequency and phase functions describing signals. This allows for applying the cubic phase function (CPF) as an estimator of phase polynomial coefficients. Originally, the CPF involved only third-order nonlinearities of the phase function. The extension of the CPF using nonuniform sampling is used to analyse the higher order polynomial phase. In this paper, a sixth order polynomial is considered. It is proposed to estimate the instantaneous frequency using a polynomial with coefficients calculated from the coefficients of the phase polynomial obtained by CPF. The determined coefficients also constitute the set of distinctive features for a classification task. The proposed CPF-based classification method was examined for three common NLFM signals and one LFM signal. Two types of neural network classifiers: learning vector quantization (LVQ) and multilayer perceptron (MLP) are considered for such defined classification problem. The performance of both the estimation and classification processes was analyzed using Monte Carlo simulation studies for different SNRs. The results of the simulation research revealed good estimation performance and error-free classification for the SNR range encountered in practical applications. MDPI 2022-10-22 /pmc/articles/PMC9653727/ /pubmed/36365802 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22218104 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Swiercz, Ewa Janczak, Dariusz Konopko, Krzysztof Estimation and Classification of NLFM Signals Based on the Time–Chirp Representation |
title | Estimation and Classification of NLFM Signals Based on the Time–Chirp Representation |
title_full | Estimation and Classification of NLFM Signals Based on the Time–Chirp Representation |
title_fullStr | Estimation and Classification of NLFM Signals Based on the Time–Chirp Representation |
title_full_unstemmed | Estimation and Classification of NLFM Signals Based on the Time–Chirp Representation |
title_short | Estimation and Classification of NLFM Signals Based on the Time–Chirp Representation |
title_sort | estimation and classification of nlfm signals based on the time–chirp representation |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9653727/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36365802 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22218104 |
work_keys_str_mv | AT swierczewa estimationandclassificationofnlfmsignalsbasedonthetimechirprepresentation AT janczakdariusz estimationandclassificationofnlfmsignalsbasedonthetimechirprepresentation AT konopkokrzysztof estimationandclassificationofnlfmsignalsbasedonthetimechirprepresentation |