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The Changes of Microbial Communities and Key Metabolites after Early Bursaphelenchus xylophilus Invasion of Pinus massoniana
Pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is a worldwide pest of pine trees, spreading at an alarming rate and with great ecological adaptability. In the process of causing disease, the nematode causes metabolic disorders and changes in the endophytic microbial community of the pine tree. Howe...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9653782/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36365304 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11212849 |
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author | An, Yibo Li, Yongxia Ma, Ling Li, Dongzhen Zhang, Wei Feng, Yuqian Liu, Zhenkai Wang, Xuan Wen, Xiaojian Zhang, Xingyao |
author_facet | An, Yibo Li, Yongxia Ma, Ling Li, Dongzhen Zhang, Wei Feng, Yuqian Liu, Zhenkai Wang, Xuan Wen, Xiaojian Zhang, Xingyao |
author_sort | An, Yibo |
collection | PubMed |
description | Pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is a worldwide pest of pine trees, spreading at an alarming rate and with great ecological adaptability. In the process of causing disease, the nematode causes metabolic disorders and changes in the endophytic microbial community of the pine tree. However, the changes at the pine nidus during early nematode invasion have not been well studied, especially the differential metabolites, in Pinus massoniana, the main host of B. xylophilus in China. In this study, we analyzed the endophytic bacterial and fungal communities associated with healthy and B. xylophilus-caused wilted pine trees. The results show that 1333 bacterial OTUs and 502 fungal OTUs were annotated from P. massoniana stem samples. The abundance of bacterial communities in pine trees varies more following infection by B. xylophilus, but the abundance changes of fungal communities are less visible. There were significant differences in endophytic microbial diversity between wilted and healthy P. massoniana. In wilted pine trees, Actinobacteria and Bacteroidia were differential indicators of bacterial communities, whereas, in healthy pine trees, Rhizobiales in the Proteobacteria phylum were the major markers of bacterial communities. Meanwhile, the differential markers of fungal communities in healthy pines are Malasseziales, Tremellales, Sordariales, and Fusarium, whereas Pleosporaceae is the key marker of fungal communities in wilted pines. Our study examines the effect of changes in the endophytic microbial community on the health of pine trees that may be caused by B. xylophilus infection. In parallel, a non-targeted metabolomic study based on liquid mass spectrometry (LC-MS) technology was conducted on pine trees inoculated with pine nematodes and healthy pine trees with a view to identifying key compounds affecting early pine lesions. Ultimately, 307 distinctly different metabolites were identified. Among them, the riboflavin metabolic pathway in pine trees may play a key role in the early pathogenesis of pine wood nematode disease. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9653782 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-96537822022-11-15 The Changes of Microbial Communities and Key Metabolites after Early Bursaphelenchus xylophilus Invasion of Pinus massoniana An, Yibo Li, Yongxia Ma, Ling Li, Dongzhen Zhang, Wei Feng, Yuqian Liu, Zhenkai Wang, Xuan Wen, Xiaojian Zhang, Xingyao Plants (Basel) Article Pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is a worldwide pest of pine trees, spreading at an alarming rate and with great ecological adaptability. In the process of causing disease, the nematode causes metabolic disorders and changes in the endophytic microbial community of the pine tree. However, the changes at the pine nidus during early nematode invasion have not been well studied, especially the differential metabolites, in Pinus massoniana, the main host of B. xylophilus in China. In this study, we analyzed the endophytic bacterial and fungal communities associated with healthy and B. xylophilus-caused wilted pine trees. The results show that 1333 bacterial OTUs and 502 fungal OTUs were annotated from P. massoniana stem samples. The abundance of bacterial communities in pine trees varies more following infection by B. xylophilus, but the abundance changes of fungal communities are less visible. There were significant differences in endophytic microbial diversity between wilted and healthy P. massoniana. In wilted pine trees, Actinobacteria and Bacteroidia were differential indicators of bacterial communities, whereas, in healthy pine trees, Rhizobiales in the Proteobacteria phylum were the major markers of bacterial communities. Meanwhile, the differential markers of fungal communities in healthy pines are Malasseziales, Tremellales, Sordariales, and Fusarium, whereas Pleosporaceae is the key marker of fungal communities in wilted pines. Our study examines the effect of changes in the endophytic microbial community on the health of pine trees that may be caused by B. xylophilus infection. In parallel, a non-targeted metabolomic study based on liquid mass spectrometry (LC-MS) technology was conducted on pine trees inoculated with pine nematodes and healthy pine trees with a view to identifying key compounds affecting early pine lesions. Ultimately, 307 distinctly different metabolites were identified. Among them, the riboflavin metabolic pathway in pine trees may play a key role in the early pathogenesis of pine wood nematode disease. MDPI 2022-10-26 /pmc/articles/PMC9653782/ /pubmed/36365304 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11212849 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article An, Yibo Li, Yongxia Ma, Ling Li, Dongzhen Zhang, Wei Feng, Yuqian Liu, Zhenkai Wang, Xuan Wen, Xiaojian Zhang, Xingyao The Changes of Microbial Communities and Key Metabolites after Early Bursaphelenchus xylophilus Invasion of Pinus massoniana |
title | The Changes of Microbial Communities and Key Metabolites after Early Bursaphelenchus xylophilus Invasion of Pinus massoniana |
title_full | The Changes of Microbial Communities and Key Metabolites after Early Bursaphelenchus xylophilus Invasion of Pinus massoniana |
title_fullStr | The Changes of Microbial Communities and Key Metabolites after Early Bursaphelenchus xylophilus Invasion of Pinus massoniana |
title_full_unstemmed | The Changes of Microbial Communities and Key Metabolites after Early Bursaphelenchus xylophilus Invasion of Pinus massoniana |
title_short | The Changes of Microbial Communities and Key Metabolites after Early Bursaphelenchus xylophilus Invasion of Pinus massoniana |
title_sort | changes of microbial communities and key metabolites after early bursaphelenchus xylophilus invasion of pinus massoniana |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9653782/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36365304 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11212849 |
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