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Genome-Wide Analysis of Auxin Response Factors in Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) Reveals the Positive Roles of LsARF8a in Thermally Induced Bolting
Warm temperatures induce plant bolting accompanied by flower initiation, where endogenous auxin is dynamically associated with accelerated growth. Auxin signaling is primarily regulated by a family of plant-specific transcription factors, AUXIN RESPONSE FACTORS (ARFs), which either activate or repre...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
MDPI
2022
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9653848/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36362292 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232113509 |
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author | Hu, Manman Qi, Zhengyang Ren, Zheng Tong, Jing Wang, Baoju Wu, Zhanhui Hao, Jinghong Liu, Ning |
author_facet | Hu, Manman Qi, Zhengyang Ren, Zheng Tong, Jing Wang, Baoju Wu, Zhanhui Hao, Jinghong Liu, Ning |
author_sort | Hu, Manman |
collection | PubMed |
description | Warm temperatures induce plant bolting accompanied by flower initiation, where endogenous auxin is dynamically associated with accelerated growth. Auxin signaling is primarily regulated by a family of plant-specific transcription factors, AUXIN RESPONSE FACTORS (ARFs), which either activate or repress the expression of downstream genes in response to developmental and environmental cues. However, the relationship between ARFs and bolting has not been completely understood in lettuce yet. Here, we identified 24 LsARFs (Lactuca sativa ARFs) in the lettuce genome. The phylogenetic tree indicated that LsARFs could be classified into three clusters, which was well supported by the analysis of exon–intron structure, consensus motifs, and domain compositions. RNA-Seq analysis revealed that more than half of the LsARFs were ubiquitously expressed in all tissues examined, whereas a small number of LsARFs responded to UV or cadmium stresses. qRT-PCR analysis indicated that the expression of most LsARFs could be activated by more than one phytohormone, underling their key roles as integrative hubs of different phytohormone signaling pathways. Importantly, the majority of LsARFs displayed altered expression profiles under warm temperatures, implying that their functions were tightly associated with thermally accelerated bolting in lettuce. Importantly, we demonstrated that silencing of LsARF8a, expression of which was significantly increased by elevated temperatures, resulted in delayed bolting under warm temperatures, suggesting that LsARF8a might conduce to the thermally induced bolting. Together, our results provide molecular insights into the LsARF gene family in lettuce, which will facilitate the genetic improvement of the lettuce in an era of global warming. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9653848 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-96538482022-11-15 Genome-Wide Analysis of Auxin Response Factors in Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) Reveals the Positive Roles of LsARF8a in Thermally Induced Bolting Hu, Manman Qi, Zhengyang Ren, Zheng Tong, Jing Wang, Baoju Wu, Zhanhui Hao, Jinghong Liu, Ning Int J Mol Sci Article Warm temperatures induce plant bolting accompanied by flower initiation, where endogenous auxin is dynamically associated with accelerated growth. Auxin signaling is primarily regulated by a family of plant-specific transcription factors, AUXIN RESPONSE FACTORS (ARFs), which either activate or repress the expression of downstream genes in response to developmental and environmental cues. However, the relationship between ARFs and bolting has not been completely understood in lettuce yet. Here, we identified 24 LsARFs (Lactuca sativa ARFs) in the lettuce genome. The phylogenetic tree indicated that LsARFs could be classified into three clusters, which was well supported by the analysis of exon–intron structure, consensus motifs, and domain compositions. RNA-Seq analysis revealed that more than half of the LsARFs were ubiquitously expressed in all tissues examined, whereas a small number of LsARFs responded to UV or cadmium stresses. qRT-PCR analysis indicated that the expression of most LsARFs could be activated by more than one phytohormone, underling their key roles as integrative hubs of different phytohormone signaling pathways. Importantly, the majority of LsARFs displayed altered expression profiles under warm temperatures, implying that their functions were tightly associated with thermally accelerated bolting in lettuce. Importantly, we demonstrated that silencing of LsARF8a, expression of which was significantly increased by elevated temperatures, resulted in delayed bolting under warm temperatures, suggesting that LsARF8a might conduce to the thermally induced bolting. Together, our results provide molecular insights into the LsARF gene family in lettuce, which will facilitate the genetic improvement of the lettuce in an era of global warming. MDPI 2022-11-04 /pmc/articles/PMC9653848/ /pubmed/36362292 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232113509 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Article Hu, Manman Qi, Zhengyang Ren, Zheng Tong, Jing Wang, Baoju Wu, Zhanhui Hao, Jinghong Liu, Ning Genome-Wide Analysis of Auxin Response Factors in Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) Reveals the Positive Roles of LsARF8a in Thermally Induced Bolting |
title | Genome-Wide Analysis of Auxin Response Factors in Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) Reveals the Positive Roles of LsARF8a in Thermally Induced Bolting |
title_full | Genome-Wide Analysis of Auxin Response Factors in Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) Reveals the Positive Roles of LsARF8a in Thermally Induced Bolting |
title_fullStr | Genome-Wide Analysis of Auxin Response Factors in Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) Reveals the Positive Roles of LsARF8a in Thermally Induced Bolting |
title_full_unstemmed | Genome-Wide Analysis of Auxin Response Factors in Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) Reveals the Positive Roles of LsARF8a in Thermally Induced Bolting |
title_short | Genome-Wide Analysis of Auxin Response Factors in Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) Reveals the Positive Roles of LsARF8a in Thermally Induced Bolting |
title_sort | genome-wide analysis of auxin response factors in lettuce (lactuca sativa l.) reveals the positive roles of lsarf8a in thermally induced bolting |
topic | Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9653848/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36362292 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232113509 |
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